Evaluation of the Effects of Honey on Acute-Phase Deep Burn Wounds
Table 3
The proportions of apoptotic cells in each group.
Group
Epidermis ()
30 min
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Appendage ()
30 min
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
c
No treatment
5–9
0.9 ± 2.1
0.7 ± 1.5
0.0 ± 0.0
0.2 ± 0.5
0.0 ± 0.0
4–8
1.4 ± 2.1
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.3 ± 0.9
0.0 ± 0.0
SSD
7–11
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.7 ± 2.2
0.0 ± 0.0
4–10
0.7 ± 2.0
0.5 ± 1.2
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
2.5 ± 4.8
Manuka honey
7–11
0.6 ± 1.4
0.2 ± 0.6
0.3 ± 0.7
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
6–11
0.8 ± 2.1
0.0 ± 0.0
1.6 ± 2.5
0.8 ± 2.2
0.6 ± 0.9
Acacia honey
4–10
0.3 ± 0.7
0.2 ± 0.6
0.0 ± 0.0
1.1 ± 2.7
0.0 ± 0.0
4–10
0.2 ± 0.5
1.0 ± 1.7
3.0 ± 4.4
1.5 ± 3.0
0.0 ± 0.0
s0
No treatment
6–9
0.6 ± 1.1
2.1 ± 3.3
2.6 ± 4.1
0.6 ± 1.7
1.5 ± 2.4
5–9
1.9 ± 3.5
3.5 ± 4.8
1.0 ± 1.7
0.0 ± 0.0
1.0 ± 3.0
SSD
7–11
1.4 ± 1.8
1.7 ± 3.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
1.0 ± 1.5
5–11
1.1 ± 1.7
0.9 ± 2.2
0.6 ± 1.5
3.4 ± 6.3
4.2 ± 4.2
Manuka honey
6–11
0.0 ± 0.0
0.6 ± 1.8
0.0 ± 0.0
0.9 ± 2.6
0.0 ± 0.0
7–9
1.2 ± 2.4
1.5 ± 2.6
0.0 ± 0.0θ
3.3 ± 4.0
1.6 ± 2.7
Acacia honey
7–10
0.9 ± 1.7
0.4 ± 1.3
1.5 ± 3.1
0.9 ± 1.9
0.6 ± 1.1
4–10
0.5 ± 1.2
1.4 ± 2.0
3.3 ± 3.4
1.7 ± 3.5
0.0 ± 0.0
s1
No treatment
5–9
0.5 ± 0.9
1.8 ± 3.2
1.7 ± 3.7
0.3 ± 0.8
0.1 ± 0.4
4–10
1.4 ± 2.2
4.3 ± 5.8
0.7 ± 1.8
1.9 ± 5.2
0.4 ± 0.9
SSD
7–11
0.6 ± 1.2
1.9 ± 2.4
0.2 ± 0.5b
0.3 ± 1.1
0.2 ± 0.6
8–11
0.0 ± 0.0e
1.5 ± 2.5
2.9 ± 3.4
2.7 ± 2.9
4.9 ± 5.7
Manuka honey
7–11
0.0 ± 0.0
2.8 ± 4.0
1.0 ± 2.1
0.2 ± 0.6
2.3 ± 3.2
7–11
0.8 ± 2.1
3.4 ± 3.1
2.5 ± 3.7
1.7 ± 4.1
3.3 ± 4.1
Acacia honey
5–10
1.3 ± 1.8
3.5 ± 5.5
0.7 ± 1.1
0.6 ± 1.1
1.1 ± 2.4
6–10
1.1 ± 2.3
1.4 ± 2.3
3.0 ± 6.4
4.0 ± 6.5
1.9 ± 3.0
s2
No treatment
5–9
1.2 ± 1.5
1.8 ± 2.0
1.5 ± 1.7
1.5 ± 2.8
1.9 ± 2.8
4–10
1.6 ± 3.0
0.8 ± 1.9
0.3 ± 0.7
1.6 ± 3.0
3.1 ± 5.1
SSD
7–11
1.0 ± 2.0
0.4 ± 1.0
0.5 ± 1.2
0.0 ± 0.0
0.5 ± 1.0
8–11
2.0 ± 2.7
1.7 ± 3.8
0.6 ± 1.1
1.8 ± 2.0
3.0 ± 2.9
Manuka honey
7–11
0.6 ± 0.8
3.2 ± 4.7
0.0 ± 0.0
1.0 ± 1.7
1.0 ± 1.7
7–11
0.5 ± 1.5
2.1 ± 4.4
1.3 ± 2.1
2.0 ± 2.9
1.9 ± 2.8
Acacia honey
7–10
0.8 ± 1.0
1.3 ± 2.5
0.7 ± 1.5
0.7 ± 1.2
0.8 ± 1.6
6–10
0.5 ± 1.5
1.7 ± 2.2
2.1 ± 4.9
2.2 ± 3.3
1.6 ± 3.8
s3
No treatment
5–9
0.6 ± 1.7
0.7 ± 1.8
0.9 ± 1.2
1.5 ± 1.9
1.8 ± 3.0
4–11
0.6 ± 1.7
1.2 ± 1.6
2.5 ± 4.3
0.4 ± 1.0
0.6 ± 1.5
SSD
7–11
0.5 ± 1.5
0.2 ± 0.8
0.4 ± 1.3
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
8–11
1.7 ± 1.9
0.4 ± 0.7
0.5 ± 1.6
1.1 ± 1.9
1.0 ± 2.0
Manuka honey
7–11
0.0 ± 0.0
1.5 ± 4.4
0.8 ± 1.6
1.2 ± 1.7
0.6 ± 1.8
7–11
1.8 ± 3.8
0.2 ± 0.6
1.4 ± 1.6
1.1 ± 3.5
0.3 ± 0.8
Acacia honey
7–10
1.0 ± 1.2
0.5 ± 0.9
1.1 ± 2.2
0.3 ± 1.1
0.6 ± 1.0
6–10
0.9 ± 1.5
0.2 ± 0.4
1.2 ± 2.1
1.3 ± 2.2
0.5 ± 1.3
s4
No treatment
5–9
1.9 ± 1.9
1.9 ± 1.7
1.8 ± 2.1
2.7 ± 3.1
1.5 ± 3.5
4–11
0.2 ± 0.5
1.5 ± 1.8
0.6 ± 1.5
1.9 ± 3.2
0.5 ± 1.6
SSD
7–11
1.4 ± 2.0
0.7 ± 1.3
1.1 ± 1.5
0.3 ± 1.0
0.2 ± 0.6
8–11
1.5 ± 4.5
1.3 ± 2.6
1.1 ± 1.8
0.6 ± 2.0
2.1 ± 3.2
Manuka honey
7–11
0.4 ± 0.7
0.1 ± 0.4
0.5 ± 0.9
0.6 ± 1.3
0.6 ± 1.1
7–11
1.3 ± 3.1
0.7 ± 1.7
1.0 ± 2.7
0.0 ± 0.0
0.4 ± 1.1
Acacia honey
7–10
1.3 ± 1.3
0.0 ± 0.0
0.4 ± 0.9
0.8 ± 1.5
0.2 ± 0.4
6–10
0.2 ± 0.6
0.9 ± 1.4
1.6 ± 2.2
1.2 ± 2.2
1.1 ± 1.8
Group
Dermis ()
30 min
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Endothelial cell ()
30 min
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
c
No treatment
6–11
0.6 ± 1.5
1.7 ± 1.3
0.7 ± 1.8
1.8 ± 4.1
1.1 ± 2.4
5–8
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
SSD
8–11
1.6 ± 2.6
0.2 ± 0.5
0.0 ± 0.0
0.7 ± 2.1
0.6 ± 1.6
8–11
0.0 ± 0.0
1.8 ± 6.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
Manuka honey
7–11
1.1 ± 1.4
1.0 ± 2.2
0.2 ± 0.7
1.8 ± 2.8
1.3 ± 2.6
7–9
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
Acacia honey
6–10
1.1 ± 2.1
0.2 ± 0.6
0.4 ± 1.3
0.5 ± 1.4
0.0 ± 0.0
6–10
0.0 ± 0.0
3.0 ± 5.7
3.2 ± 8.4
5.6 ± 16.7
0.0 ± 0.0
s0
No treatment
6–11
2.3 ± 3.6
1.7 ± 2.6
2.8 ± 3.0
2.0 ± 5.2
0.7 ± 2.2
5–8
0.0 ± 0.0
1.9 ± 4.5
10.4 ± 14.1
4.4 ± 8.0
0.0 ± 0.0
SSD
8–11
3.4 ± 3.1
5.0 ± 3.7
1.1 ± 1.6b
1.8 ± 2.2
2.5 ± 3.4
8–10
0.0 ± 0.0
1.7 ± 5.3
0.0 ± 0.0
1.0 ± 3.1
0.0 ± 0.0
Manuka honey
7–11
1.0 ± 1.3
2.4 ± 3.6
2.2 ± 2.7
1.3 ± 3.5
0.4 ± 1.2
6–10
0.0 ± 0.0
1.1 ± 3.5
1.4 ± 3.9
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
Acacia honey
6–10
0.8 ± 1.3
2.8 ± 2.7
0.0 ± 0.0
2.3 ± 2.7
0.2 ± 0.5
6–10
0.0 ± 0.0
2.1 ± 5.9
4.1 ± 8.1
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
s1
No treatment
6–11
0.7 ± 1.4
3.3 ± 3.0
1.7 ± 1.1
1.2 ± 1.6
1.5 ± 2.1
5–11
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
SSD
8–11
2.9 ± 3.7
2.3 ± 3.1
1.0 ± 1.1
0.7 ± 1.9
2.8 ± 2.3
8–11
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
2.1 ± 5.9
Manuka honey
7–11
2.5 ± 2.2
2.7 ± 1.9
1.4 ± 2.1
2.5 ± 3.5
1.6 ± 4.6
6–11
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
5.4 ± 15.2
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
Acacia honey
6–10
1.1 ± 1.2
2.6 ± 3.1
1.6 ± 1.6
0.7 ± 1.0
0.5 ± 0.9
7–10
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
1.4 ± 4.5
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
s2
No treatment
6–11
1.1 ± 1.2
2.2 ± 2.9
1.2 ± 1.7
1.8 ± 3.3
2.7 ± 5.2
5–9
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
2.7 ± 6.1
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
SSD
8–11
2.1 ± 2.2
1.3 ± 1.8
1.1 ± 1.4
1.3 ± 1.6
1.6 ± 1.3
8–11
0.6 ± 1.7
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
Manuka honey
7–11
1.3 ± 1.7
2.8 ± 2.4
1.2 ± 1.7
0.6 ± 2.0
2.7 ± 2.4
7–11
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
Acacia honey
6–10
1.2 ± 1.6
1.0 ± 0.9
1.8 ± 1.5
1.1 ± 1.6
1.6 ± 1.0
5–10
0.0 ± 0.0
4.2 ± 11.8
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
s3
No treatment
6–11
0.8 ± 1.3
2.0 ± 3.2
1.3 ± 1.9
1.5 ± 1.6
1.7 ± 1.5
4–7
0.0 ± 0.0
3.3 ± 7.5
4.2 ± 8.3
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
SSD
8–11
1.5 ± 1.7
1.3 ± 1.6
0.9 ± 1.6
1.4 ± 1.5
1.8 ± 2.0
7–11
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
Manuka honey
7–11
1.2 ± 1.8
1.7 ± 2.5
1.4 ± 2.4
0.8 ± 1.4
2.5 ± 3.9
4–11
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
Acacia honey
6–10
1.6 ± 2.4
0.6 ± 0.9
0.7 ± 1.2
0.9 ± 1.0
1.6 ± 2.3
5–10
1.9 ± 3.8
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
s4
No treatment
6–11
1.5 ± 1.5
1.7 ± 2.8
1.4 ± 1.5
1.1 ± 1.6
1.6 ± 2.3
4–7
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
3.1 ± 6.3
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
SSD
8–11
1.3 ± 2.1
1.8 ± 1.9
1.7 ± 2.7
1.9 ± 2.4
1.9 ± 2.3
8–11
0.0 ± 0.0
0.5 ± 1.7
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
Manuka honey
7–11
0.2 ± 0.6
1.9 ± 2.1
2.1 ± 1.9
1.1 ± 2.3
1.6 ± 2.3
4–10
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
Acacia honey
6–10
0.8 ± 1.3
1.5 ± 1.6
1.5 ± 1.8
1.2 ± 1.2
0.9 ± 1.0
7–9
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
1.3 ± 4.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
Group
Adipose ()
30 min
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Overall ()
30 min
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
c
No treatment
6–11
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
4.1 ± 10.8
0.0 ± 0.0
6–11
0.7 ± 0.7
1.6 ± 0.9
1.8 ± 1.3
1.2 ± 1.7
0.9 ± 1.0
SSD
8–11
0.0 ± 0.0
5.0 ± 9.2
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
9–11
1.0 ± 0.7
1.3 ± 0.7
0.5 ± 0.3
0.8 ± 0.7
1.0 ± 0.6
Manuka honey
7–11
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
7–11
0.6 ± 0.3
1.1 ± 0.6
0.9 ± 0.6
0.7 ± 0.5
0.7 ± 0.3
Acacia honey
7–10
0.5 ± 1.5
0.3 ± 0.8
0.7 ± 2.3
0.0 ± 0.0
2.9 ± 7.6
7–11
0.7 ± 0.4
1.5 ± 1.3
1.3 ± 0.5
0.9 ± 0.8
0.7 ± 0.3
s0
No treatment
6–11
0.0 ± 0.0
3.6 ± 6.1
3.1 ± 5.4
1.3 ± 3.4
0.0 ± 0.0
Normal skin ()
SSD
8–11
0.0 ± 0.0
2.6 ± 5.9
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
6
Epidermis
0.7 ± 1.3
Manuka honey
7–11
0.0 ± 0.0
1.3 ± 4.0
1.0 ± 2.7
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
6
Appendage
0.7 ± 1.3
Acacia honey
6–10
0.0 ± 0.0
0.6 ± 1.8
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
1.0 ± 2.4
6
Dermis
0.3 ± 0.5
s1
No treatment
6–11
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
2.3 ± 3.6
0.0 ± 0.0
1.8 ± 6.0
6
Blood vessel
0.0 ± 0.0
SSD
8–11
0.4 ± 1.1
3.7 ± 6.7
2.1 ± 4.6
1.1 ± 3.5
0.0 ± 0.0
6
Adipose
0.0 ± 0.0
Manuka honey
7–11
0.0 ± 0.0
1.1 ± 3.5
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
6
All
0.4 ± 0.7
Acacia honey
7–10
0.9 ± 2.1
7.5 ± 16.0
2.6 ± 5.3
1.3 ± 2.7
0.0 ± 0.0
s2
No treatment
5–9
0.0 ± 0.0
2.2 ± 3.4
2.1 ± 3.1
2.2 ± 5.0
0.9 ± 2.6
SSD
4–11
1.3 ± 3.0
0.5 ± 1.7
0.0 ± 0.0 α
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
Manuka honey
7–11
0.0 ± 0.0
1.3 ± 4.3
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
Acacia honey
5–9
0.0 ± 0.0
1.3 ± 2.5
0.0 ± 0.0 α
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
s3
No treatment
4–8
0.8 ± 2.4
0.8 ± 1.9
2.3 ± 2.7
0.0 ± 0.0
0.4 ± 1.3
SSD
4–11
0.5 ± 1.4
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
Manuka honey
5–11
1.5 ± 3.4
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
Acacia honey
4–9
0.8 ± 1.7
1.7 ± 2.8
1.1 ± 2.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.7 ± 1.6
s4
No treatment
4–9
0.0 ± 0.0
1.1 ± 2.6
6.3 ± 12.5
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
SSD
4–11
1.0 ± 3.0
0.5 ± 1.7
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
Manuka honey
7–10
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
Acacia honey
4–9
0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0
0.3 ± 1.0
0.0 ± 0.0
1.8 ± 2.9
Values are expressed as mean ± SD, ANOVA, and Tukey-Kramer HSD. α: versus no treatment, α′: versus no treatment, α′′: versus no treatment, γ′′: versus manuka honey, θ: versus acacia honey, θ′′: versus Acacia honey, a′′: versus 30 min, b: versus day 1, b′′: versus day 1, d′′: versus day 3, and e: versus day 4.
