Evaluation of the Effects of Honey on Acute-Phase Deep Burn Wounds
Table 4
The number of neutrophils and macrophages in each group.
Group
Neutrophil
Macrophage
Dermis ()
30 min
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Dermis ()
30 min
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
c
No treatment
7–12
52.5 ± 41.5
37.8 ± 50.7
464.6 ± 774.9
549.8 ± 571.6
381.2 ± 506.3
5–11
133.4 ± 154.0
46.7 ± 58.7
28.0 ± 47.2
48.2 ± 56.6
66.5 ± 68.6
SSD
7–11
34.2 ± 46.9
263.0 ± 126.3
378.6 ± 107.5
223.5 ± 88.6
242.3 ± 149.8
8–11
42.0 ± 41.5
53.8 ± 65.4
4.7 ± 10.5
29.7 ± 39.6
25.3 ± 32.1
Manuka honey
9–11
8.5 ± 14.5
155.6 ± 116.4
202.3 ± 167.8
222.5 ± 115.5
134.9 ± 122.5
7–12
26.5 ± 38.8 α
22.0 ± 50.3
44.5 ± 56.4
41.0 ± 41.9
3.9 ± 11.0α
Acacia honey
8–10
32.9 ± 51.9e
74.3 ± 73.3
59.1 ± 41.4
113.6 ± 106.6α
208.1 ± 213.8
9–11
37.3 ± 43.5
66.9 ± 43.4
41.0 ± 28.9
24.0 ± 24.5b
22.5 ± 19.2b
s0
No treatment
7–12
25.3 ± 26.2
393.5 ± 288.4
455.1 ± 474.1
517.0 ± 351.6
470.7 ± 317.5
5–11
113.4 ± 147.8
74.3 ± 85.5
80.9 ± 89.7
66.9 ± 70.4
116.0 ± 113.1
SSD
7–11
31.1 ± 51.3
269.7 ± 226.3
364.8 ± 98.4
322.5 ± 145.8
375.7 ± 147.7
8–11
56.0 ± 58.3
43.9 ± 63.7
31.1 ± 20.7
79.2 ± 55.4
54.5 ± 31.1
Manuka honey
9–11
21.2 ± 20.0
261.4 ± 140.5
224.1 ± 160.0
255.2 ± 134.9
221.3 ± 217.5
7–12
29.6 ± 53.1
27.2 ± 47.4
35.6 ± 40.9
42.4 ± 28.8
27.2 ± 37.0α
Acacia honey
8–10
17.3 ± 31.6
73.9 ± 46.1
118.3 ± 90.2
311.2 ± 231.7
387.1 ± 378.3
9–11
28.0 ± 35.0
87.1 ± 52.0
48.1 ± 27.4
31.1 ± 42.9b
27.7 ± 26.7
s1
No treatment
7–12
31.1 ± 20.4
173.4 ± 290.0
31.1 ± 39.2
285.3 ± 328.8
333.3 ± 325.6
5–11
86.7 ± 60.2
60.5 ± 75.2
127.6 ± 62.6
37.3 ± 45.3
114.6 ± 115.0
SSD
7–11
21.8 ± 42.9
163.4 ± 226.8
401.1 ± 213.3
389.0 ± 367.8
206.7 ± 111.0
8–11
7.8 ± 13.2
63.7 ± 58.0
38.9 ± 55.0
94.8 ± 116.3
101.1 ± 70.6
Manuka honey
9–11
15.6 ± 16.4
136.9 ± 112.4
107.4 ± 158.3
396.8 ± 452.3
179.8 ± 170.0
7–12
9.3 ± 16.7
46.7 ± 80.7
73.4 ± 82.7
36.8 ± 29.7
25.3 ± 24.9
Acacia honey
8–10
38.0 ± 52.3e
48.4 ± 55.8e
119.8 ± 215.1
126.0 ± 114.2
320.9 ± 345.4
9–11
14.0 ± 20.0
71.6 ± 39.6
79.2 ± 46.9
34.0 ± 49.6
41.5 ± 38.1
s2
No treatment
7–12
29.2 ± 30.5
71.1 ± 70.1
15.6 ± 23.8
57.1 ± 103.5
38.9 ± 59.2
5–11
26.7 ± 34.5
57.1 ± 87.7
99.6 ± 76.7
34.2 ± 63.0
56.6 ± 66.5
SSD
7–11
15.6 ± 12.7
20.2 ± 19.5
45.0 ± 54.2d
168.3 ± 160.5
128.9 ± 78.7
8–11
7.8 ± 16.8
17.0 ± 24.6
29.6 ± 38.4
110.3 ± 118.8
178.9 ± 131.0
Manuka honey
9–11
26.5 ± 36.7
94.9 ± 146.8
24.9 ± 42.9
14.0 ± 15.5
46.7 ± 83.4
7–12
4.7 ± 7.5
59.6 ± 75.3
28.9 ± 42.5
52.3 ± 44.2
33.1 ± 36.7
Acacia honey
8–10
10.4 ± 20.6e
24.2 ± 56.2e
3.1 ± 9.8
21.8 ± 32.1
214.0 ± 304.6
9–11
9.3 ± 16.7
59.1 ± 60.8
63.7 ± 62.4
31.1 ± 33.4
27.7 ± 30.9
s3
No treatment
6–12
17.8 ± 22.8
82.2 ± 54.4
15.6 ± 17.0
95.1 ± 250.7
25.9 ± 26.0
5–11
26.7 ± 29.4
24.2 ± 41.3
37.3 ± 35.8
42.0 ± 55.9
55.2 ± 72.8
SSD
7–11
37.3 ± 55.5
29.6 ± 43.1d
53.6 ± 58.8
137.2 ± 138.0
128.9 ± 60.7
8–11
9.3 ± 13.1
15.6 ± 32.6
20.2 ± 53.9
93.4 ± 89.1
163.4 ± 129.9
Manuka honey
9–11
31.1 ± 51.9
46.7 ± 74.8
23.3 ± 37.6
48.2 ± 90.6
77.8 ± 79.0
7–12
6.2 ± 8.0
54.5 ± 87.4
31.1 ± 44.9
48.1 ± 39.0
17.5 ± 32.7
Acacia honey
8–10
6.9 ± 11.3
10.4 ± 11.0α
3.1 ± 6.6β
4.7 ± 7.5
75.9 ± 202.1
9–11
7.8 ± 13.2
46.7 ± 51.9
49.5 ± 56.9
26.9 ± 35.5
25.9 ± 25.8
s4
No treatment
6–12
20.7 ± 18.8
91.1 ± 73.2
10.4 ± 18.8
70.9 ± 178.8
45.4 ± 80.0
5–11
62.2 ± 74.1
24.2 ± 39.8
15.6 ± 27.0
56.0 ± 88.1
69.3 ± 82.7
SSD
7–11
28.0 ± 17.7
18.7 ± 26.2
58.8 ± 101.7
86.3 ± 86.7
106.7 ± 82.1
8–11
4.7 ± 10.5
17.0 ± 27.4e
18.7 ± 43.9e
70.7 ± 64.7
107.0 ± 108.3
Manuka honey
9–11
10.9 ± 12.8
10.9 ± 19.5
4.7 ± 10.5
23.3 ± 32.2
48.4 ± 68.0
7–12
12.4 ± 29.2 α
24.6 ± 45.2
17.8 ± 34.1
22.6 ± 25.4
17.5 ± 24.2
Acacia honey
8–10
12.1 ± 26.7
20.7 ± 37.3
3.1 ± 9.8
43.6 ± 79.3
58.8 ± 148.2
7–11
6.2 ± 13.1
43.6 ± 44.5
28.3 ± 39.3
22.6 ± 33.6
12.1 ± 17.0β
Group
Hypodermis ()
30 min
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Hypodermis ()
30 min
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
c
No treatment
7–12
21.4 ± 18.5
306.8 ± 234.0
126.7 ± 126.9
527.1 ± 556.3
420.1 ± 604.5
5–11
77.8 ± 107.4
126.2 ± 152.9
115.1 ± 128.1
84.0 ± 114.4
137.2 ± 142.1
SSD
7–11
62.2 ± 94.8
266.1 ± 218.9
275.4 ± 213.1
171.2 ± 119.9
224.5 ± 224.6
9–11
46.7 ± 24.3
65.1 ± 52.5
94.9 ± 64.6
86.3 ± 66.5
74.3 ± 69.9
Manuka honey
9–11
8.5 ± 10.7
312.8 ± 220.8
185.0 ± 233.9
326.8 ± 301.8
311.2 ± 665.0
8–12
20.2 ± 18.0
44.1 ± 49.1
60.3 ± 59.7
138.6 ± 103.1
58.4 ± 54.4
Acacia honey
9–12
17.3 ± 25.1 d
143.5 ± 180.3
68.5 ± 67.3
329.9 ± 406.5
114.1 ± 169.5
9–11
34.2 ± 28.2
71.6 ± 60.6
83.5 ± 45.8
59.4 ± 62.9
38.0 ± 28.2
s0
No treatment
7–12
9.7 ± 11.6
275.6 ± 164.1
301.5 ± 407.8
453.2 ± 325.8
273.6 ± 151.5
5–11
55.6 ± 58.8
124.5 ± 117.7
143.2 ± 94.9
79.4 ± 89.1
182.5 ± 147.3
SSD
7–11
71.6 ± 167.9c
168.3 ± 164.4γ
336.1 ± 264.9
164.1 ± 80.4
171.2 ± 150.0
9–11
34.2 ± 31.8d
63.7 ± 51.4
77.8 ± 26.4
121.7 ± 90.7
84.7 ± 76.3
Manuka honey
9–11
12.7 ± 18.2
395.2 ± 202.4
138.3 ± 157.0
270.8 ± 369.9
150.4 ± 217.6
8–12
23.3 ± 32.2
55.8 ± 51.2
58.4 ± 56.9
147.1 ± 99.5
48.6 ± 45.1
Acacia honey
9–12
22.5 ± 22.2
126.2 ± 115.5
96.5 ± 136.4
256.7 ± 322.6
131.0 ± 217.6
9–11
32.7 ± 18.6
94.9 ± 40.5
87.7 ± 43.1
86.3 ± 70.7
45.0 ± 21.2α
s1
No treatment
7–12
46.7 ± 39.0
146.7 ± 155.3
44.7 ± 66.2β
326.8 ± 416.0
334.6 ± 360.7
5–11
33.3 ± 39.6
126.2 ± 97.6
149.4 ± 103.6
113.6 ± 129.4
134.4 ± 123.4
SSD
7–11
15.6 ± 16.4
175.8 ± 198.5
380.4 ± 360.4
207.9 ± 174.3
122.3 ± 135.5
9–11
38.9 ± 32.2
131.6 ± 101.6
118.3 ± 110.1
111.8 ± 89.6
83.0 ± 67.8
Manuka honey
9–11
21.8 ± 16.7b
393.7 ± 277.1
77.8 ± 79.7β
127.6 ± 116.2
278.4 ± 574.9
8–12
12.4 ± 23.0
80.4 ± 77.6
54.5 ± 78.5
121.7 ± 64.8
70.0 ± 50.6
Acacia honey
9–12
10.4 ± 11.0α
88.2 ± 103.5γ
116.7 ± 253.5
51.3 ± 42.2
190.6 ± 492.1
9–11
37.3 ± 39.6b
136.9 ± 71.0
106.1 ± 75.9
70.7 ± 79.1
50.1 ± 40.3b
s2
No treatment
7–12
23.3 ± 26.3
51.1 ± 33.3γ
15.6 ± 18.0
55.6 ± 79.8
210.1 ± 628.7
5–11
37.8 ± 65.3
81.3 ± 93.6
108.9 ± 87.3
96.5 ± 135.0
124.5 ± 156.4
SSD
7–11
29.6 ± 33.2
45.1 ± 52.6γ
76.2 ± 99.1
55.2 ± 43.7
113.4 ± 185.8
9–11
31.1 ± 30.2
149.9 ± 61.6
85.6 ± 70.5
99.0 ± 74.4
124.5 ± 66.9
Manuka honey
9–11
21.8 ± 16.7b
331.4 ± 369.0
18.7 ± 39.4b
45.1 ± 121.3b
115.8 ± 248.3
8–12
9.3 ± 10.9b
119.3 ± 131.6
48.6 ± 78.7
93.4 ± 82.3
52.5 ± 39.0
Acacia honey
9–12
17.3 ± 18.2
15.6 ± 17.4
7.8 ± 15.1
26.5 ± 45.8
164.7 ± 353.0
9–11
18.7 ± 17.7
135.4 ± 119.9
89.1 ± 81.8
46.7 ± 58.6
67.4 ± 56.6
s3
No treatment
7–12
11.1 ± 11.8
77.8 ± 107.8
33.3 ± 75.4
184.8 ± 479.0
27.2 ± 70.9
5–11
15.6 ± 29.8
65.7 ± 81.1
18.7 ± 25.6
79.4 ± 98.3
75.0 ± 89.1
SSD
7–11
31.1 ± 38.8
21.8 ± 19.7
31.1 ± 40.8
59.4 ± 67.8
48.9 ± 37.5
9–11
20.2 ± 22.1
70.7 ± 54.5
43.6 ± 78.3
46.7 ± 35.5
65.7 ± 59.1
Manuka honey
9–11
29.6 ± 46.1
23.3 ± 33.8
0.0 ± 0.0
10.9 ± 29.4
22.5 ± 36.6
8–11
21.8 ± 30.4
158.2 ± 149.8
42.8 ± 77.9b
62.2 ± 62.6
25.3 ± 24.9b
Acacia honey
9–12
25.9 ± 32.1
15.6 ± 13.5
0.0 ± 0.0
15.6 ± 18.0
73.6 ± 172.2
9–11
21.8 ± 25.6
108.9 ± 80.4
55.2 ± 67.6
19.8 ± 21.0
46.7 ± 43.3
s4
No treatment
7–12
13.0 ± 11.7
17.8 ± 24.5
18.2 ± 31.8
194.5 ± 525.1
32.4 ± 70.0
5–11
73.4 ± 86.5
48.4 ± 73.2
0.0 ± .0.0
62.2 ± 100.8
84. ± 133.7
SSD
7–11
28.0 ± 29.2
12.4 ± 14.3
42.0 ± 97.3
31.1 ± 26.0
42.2 ± 33.3
9–11
24.9 ± 21.0
72.1 ± 75.0
17.1 ± 30.6
50.9 ± 29.6
76.0 ± 73.6
Manuka honey
9–11
6.2 ± 15.0
28.0 ± 26.2
7.8 ± 19.8
26.5 ± 33.7
24.2 ± 43.4
8–12
12.4 ± 20.5
142.6 ± 130.2
23.3 ± 16.6
41.0 ± 48.8
23.3 ± 14.4
Acacia honey
9–12
8.6 ± 11.3
8.6 ± 11.3
6.2 ± 10.9
28.0 ± 56.2
49.3 ± 115.1
9–11
14.0 ± 20.0
96.5 ± 72.5
34.0 ± 27.7
31.1 ± 29.5
29.4 ± 27.4
Group
Overall ()
30 min
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Overall ()
30 min
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
No treatment
7–12
25.5 ± 13.2 de
143.8 ± 83.8
111.5 ± 123.7
260.1 ± 240.0
216.1 ± 151.6
9–11
61.9 ± 45.8
71.6 ± 63.6
77.0 ± 50.7
66.7 ± 65.1
101.4 ± 88.8
SSD
7–11
33.8 ± 30.9
122.2 ± 61.3
190.6 ± 100.7
168.0 ± 87.6
159.3 ± 84.6
9–11
27.4 ± 16.7
63.7 ± 31.6
48.4 ± 27.9
87.9 ± 47.3
89.0 ± 60.3
Manuka honey
9–11
18.0 ± 12.8
182.6 ± 85.3
82.7 ± 58.1β
147.3 ± 90.2
134.3 ± 164.0
8–12
15.7 ± 17.5
69.6 ± 64.9
41.8 ± 45.1
70.6 ± 43.5
33.6 ± 25.4
Acacia honey
9–12
18.3 ± 19.3
53.5 ± 43.2
50.2 ± 56.5
110.7 ± 76.7
132.4 ± 175.7
9–11
21.8 ± 18.6
84.9 ± 47.1
63.8 ± 34.2
40.3 ± 38.1b
36.2 ± 19.8
Values are expressed as mean ± SD, ANOVA, and Tukey-Kramer HSD. α: versus no treatment, α′: versus no treatment, α′′: versus no treatment, β: versus SSD, β′: versus SSD, β′′: versus SSD, θ′′: versus acacia honey, b: versus day 1, b′: versus day 1, b′′: versus day 1, c: versus day 2, c′: versus day 2, c′′: versus day 2, d: versus day 3, d′: versus day 3, d′′: versus day 3, e: versus day 4, e′: versus day 4, and e′′: versus day 4.
