Developing and Testing the Effectiveness of a Novel Health Qigong for Frail Elders in Hong Kong: A Preliminary Study

Table 6

Acute intervention effects on physical and physiological measures.

Outcome	Means and SDs (in brackets)						Repeated measures ANOVA (group by time interaction)
(Score range)	Pre-Ax		Mid-Ax		Post-Ax
	Exp	Com	Exp	Com	Exp	Com	F	df	P-value	𝜂^2𝑝	Power
Right handgrip strength	16.79	15.37	16.50	14.63	17.03	15.00	0.51	1.72,188.93	0.58	0.01	0.13
(Exp: 𝑛=58; Com: 𝑛=54)	(6.24)	(5.70)	(6.59)	(4.93)	(6.74)	(5.18)
Left handgrip strength	13.70	13.90	14.02	13.63	14.24	14.24	0.36	2,206	0.70	0.004	0.11
(Exp: 𝑛=54; Com: 𝑛=51)	(5.57)	(5.46)	(5.23)	(4.74)	(5.76)	(4.64)
Timed Up & Go	23.28	21.91	22.33	21.55	22.18	22.17	0.54	1.59,119.13	0.54	0.01	0.13
(Exp: 𝑛=42; Com: 𝑛=35)	(12.75)	(13.05)	(11.91)	(12.12)	(12.71)	(11.72)
Systolic blood pressure	143.78	148.42	138.03	147.28	136.20	139.78	1.54	2,228	0.22	0.01	0.33
(Exp: 𝑛=61; Com: 𝑛=55)	(22.20)	(18.45)	(20.04)	(18.74)	(20.94)	(16.72)
Diastolic blood pressure	76.55	80.13	74.03	77.62	72.82	75.52	0.12	1.89,215.53	0.88	0.00	0.07
(Exp: 𝑛=61; Com: 𝑛=55)	(13.59)	(12.54)	(10.68)	(11.11)	(11.21)	(10.11)
Resting heart rate	76.39	75.07	75.47	73.95	73.51	75.04	3.14	2,228	0.045*	0.03	0.60
(Exp: 𝑛=61; Com: 𝑛=55)	(14.80)	(9.47)	(14.45)	(9.26)	(13.00)	(10.93)
Forced vital capacity (max)	1.80	1.40	—	—	1.64	1.38	0.79	1,54	0.38	0.01	0.14
(Exp: 𝑛=27; Com: 𝑛=26)	(0.62)	(0.45)			(0.62)	(0.47)
Forced expiratory volume in 1s	1.12	0.91	—	—	1.10	1.04	2.75	1,54	0.10	0.05	0.37
(Exp: 𝑛=27; Com: 𝑛=26)	(0.38)	(0.36)			(0.39)	(0.37)
Forced expiratory volume in 1s %	64.61	65.93	—	—	70.40	76.00	0.86	1,54	0.36	0.02	0.15
(Exp: 𝑛=27; Com: 𝑛=26)	(19.34)	(19.39)			(18.16)	(12.44)

Notes: Com: comparison group; Exp: experimental group; ^∗𝑃<0.05.