Modifying Bodily Self-Awareness during Acupuncture Needle Stimulation Using the Rubber Hand Illusion
Figure 2
The Rubber Hand Illusion Perception Scale. Q1: It seemed as if I were feeling the touch of the paintbrush in the location where I saw the rubber hand touched. Q2: It seemed as though the touch I felt was caused by the paintbrush touching the rubber hand. Q3: I felt as if the rubber hand was my hand. Q4: I felt as if my (real) hand were drifting toward the right (toward the rubber hand). Q5: It seemed as if I had more than one left hand or arm. Q6: It seemed as if the touch I was feeling came from somewhere between my own hand and the rubber hand. Q7: It felt as if my (real) hand were turning “rubbery.” Q8: It appeared (visually) as if the rubber hand were drifting towards the left (towards my hand). Q9: The rubber hand began to resemble my own (real) hand, in terms of shape, skin tone, freckles, or some other visual feature. The first three questions (Q1–Q3) were designed to correspond to the rubber hand illusion. Mean responses to the rubber hand illusion questionnaire statements on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from “strongly disagree (−3)” to “strongly agree (+3),” with standard errors. A significant difference was observed between the synchronous and asynchronous brush stroking sessions under the visual expectation ( versus −, = 5.883, , (a)) and no visual expectation conditions ( versus −, = 5.933, , (b)). Values are mean ± standard error.
