Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Research Article

A Systems-Pharmacology Analysis of Herbal Medicines Used in Health Improvement Treatment: Predicting Potential New Drugs and Targets

Table 1

Active compounds of qi-enriching herbs in this work and their targets of different diseases.
Disease typesTCMEffective moleculeTargetReference*
Anti-inflammationRhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae AtractylenolideIIL1B, iNOS, PTGS1, PTGS2, SRC 
Rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae AtractylenolideIIIiNOS 
Radix glycyrrhiza IsoliquiritigeninMIF, PTGS2, [8]
Radix glycyrrhiza licochalcone AiNOS, PTGS1, PTGS2,  
Radix glycyrrhiza OnoninALOX5, CD46, MIF, iNOS, PTGS1, PTGS2, RXRA 
Rradix astragali CalycosinALOX5, MIF, HCK[6, 7, 42, 73]
Rradix astragali IsoflavanoneIDO1, PTGS1, 
Ginseng Ginsenoside-Rb1IL1B, NFKBIA, PRKCB[43]
Ginseng Ginsenoside-ReiNOS 
Ginseng Ginsenoside-RfIFNG, IL1B, IL4, PTGS2 
Ginseng Ginsenoside-Rg1IL2, IL4, PRKCB 
Ginseng Ginsenoside-Rg3IFNG, IL1B, IL4, iNOS, PTGS2 
Dioscorea opposite Batatasin IHCK 
Dioscorea opposite Diosgenin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosidePTGS2 
Panax quinquefolium Pseudostellaria GGRB2, ITGA4, 
CVDRhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae AtractyloneADRB1, ADRA1A, ADRA1B, SCN5A 
Rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae AtractylenolideIF13A1, ALAD, PGF, VEGFA 
Radix glycyrrhiza IsoliquiritigeninSELEa, F11Rb, JAK2c, VCAM1, PTGS1,[53]
Radix glycyrrhiza licochalcone AADRA1B, FOSL2, SCN5A, HDAC5, HDAC9, CHRM1,  
Radix glycyrrhiza OnoninKDR, PIK3CG,  
Rradix astragali IsoflavanoneALOX15,  
Rradix astragali CalycosinPI3K-beta, ABL1, PIK3CG, ALOX15, PIK3CG 
Ginseng Ginsenoside-Ra1PTPN2[52]
Ginseng Ginsenoside-Rb1PTPN2, VEGFA, VCAM1 
Ginseng Ginsenoside-Rb2PTPN2 
Ginseng Ginsenoside-RdPTPN2 
Ginseng Ginsenoside-Rg3MMP9,  
Ginseng Ginsenoside-Re1TSP1 
Ginseng Ginsenoside-Rg1ACTA2, PTPN2 
Dioscorea opposite Batatasin IPI3K-beta, ALOX15 
Dioscorea opposite Diosgenin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosideHIF1A, VEGFA, PLA2G4A 
Panax quinquefolium Pseudostellaria GFNRB, ITGA2B[74]
Metabolic processRhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae AtractylonePDE3A 
Rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae AtractylenolideIGPT, ADH1C, AR, ASS1, ASPC, GATM, PLA2G2E, IDH1, ME2, PTER, TPI1, PRSS1, PRSS3 
Radix glycyrrhiza IsoliquiritigeninPRKACA, PKIA, METAP1, PPAR-gamma[75]
Radix glycyrrhiza licochalcone ACALM, EIF6, GCGR, GSK3B, MAPK14, PPAR-gamma, PRSS1 
Radix glycyrrhiza OnoninCALM, PRKACA, PKIA, PDE3A, HSD17B3, GSK3B, GLO1, MCHR1, PPAR-gamma, PRSS1 
Rradix astragali CalycosinHSD17B3, GLO1, MCHR1[76]
Ginseng Ginsenoside-Rb1GSK3B[61]
Ginseng Ginsenoside-Rg3PRKAG2, PPAR-gamma 
Dioscorea opposite Diosgenin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosideHSD17B3, FAS, NR1I2, AKT1, MTOR
AKT1, MTOR		[77]
Dioscorea opposite ergosterolDHCR7b 
Panax quinquefolium Pseudostellaria GOPRM1[78]
AnticancerRhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae AtractylenolideICTSD, TNF, SRC,  
Rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae AtractylenolideIIITNF 
Radix glycyrrhiza licochalcone ACDK4, CCND1b, RB1, RELA, CHEK1, STAT3d, HDAC9 
Radix glycyrrhiza IsoliquiritigeninHDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC5, HDAC9, SLC2A1, FOSb 
Radix glycyrrhiza OnoninCHEK1, RET 
Rradix astragali CalycosinCDK4, TERT, RET, CHEK1 [10]
Ginseng Ginsenoside-RfTNF[68]
Ginseng Ginsenoside-Rg1SMAD2, FN1, TGFB1 
Ginseng Ginsenoside-RcFOS 
Ginseng Ginsenoside-ReFOS 
Ginseng Ginsenoside-Rg3TNF 
Panax quinquefolium Pseudostellaria GCXCR4, HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC5, HDAC9, ITGA6 
Dioscorea opposite Batatasin IPDGFRA  
Dioscorea opposite Diosgenin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosideCAT, TP53, SHH, RELA 
CNS diseasesRhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae AtractylenolideIAChE, BCHE, GABRA1, GLRA1, Nos1, ABAT, [71]
Rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae AtractylenolideIIAChE, GABRA1, GABRA1, GABRA1, GRIA2, CHRNA7 
Rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae AtractylenolideIIIAChE, GABRA1, GABRA1, GRIA2, CHRNA7 
Rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae AtractyloneDRD1, HTR2A, CHRNA7, SLC6A3, SLC6A2, CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4 
Radix glycyrrhiza IsoliquiritigeninHSP90AA1, MAOB, KCNA3, APP, MAPK14,  
Radix glycyrrhiza licochalcone AHSP90AA1, MAOB, SLC6A3, KCNA3, MPK1, APP,  
Radix glycyrrhiza OnoninHSP90AA1, MAOA, MAOB, NQO1, SLC6A2, MAPK14,  
Rradix astragali CalycosinMAOA, MAOB, NQO1, CD46 
Rradix astragali isoflavanoneMAOA, MAOB, NQO1, SIGMAR1, CD46, MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND3, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, MT-ND5, MT-ND6 
Ginseng Ginsenoside-Rb1PLAT,  
Ginseng Ginsenoside-Rg3HTR3A 
Panax quinquefolium Pseudostellaria GOPRD1, OPRK1 
The corresponding efficacy of botanic drug has been supported by the literature.
Superscript with targets: The functional activity of the components with regard to the targets.
aDown-regulate gene. bDecrease expression or activity. cIncrease expression level or activity. dDirectly inhibit.