Antiepileptic Effect of <i>Uncaria rhynchophylla</i> and <i>Rhynchophylline</i> Involved in the Initiation of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Phosphorylation of MAPK Signal Pathways in Acute Seizures of Kainic Acid-Treated Rats

<table>Effect of UR and RP on TNF-<i>α</i> in KA-induced epileptic seizures in rats. The TNF-<i>α</i> level in the cerebral cortex (Cortex) brain tissue for Groups PK, UR, and VA were lower than those in Group N. The TNF-<i>α</i> levels in the hippocampus (Hippocampus) brain tissue were similar in Groups N, KA, PK, UR, RP, and VA (N: normal group; KA: KA/control group; PK: PK group; UR: UR group; RP: RP group; VA: VA group). ***<i>P</i> &lt; .001 compared with N.</table>

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Figure 5

Figure 5: Antiepileptic Effect of <i>Uncaria rhynchophylla</i> and <i>Rhynchophylline</i> Involved in the Initiation of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Phosphorylation of MAPK Signal Pathways in Acute Seizures of Kainic Acid-Treated Rats 

Figure 5 | Antiepileptic Effect of Uncaria rhynchophylla and Rhynchophylline Involved in the Initiation of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Phosphorylation of MAPK Signal Pathways in Acute Seizures of Kainic Acid-Treated Rats 