Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Research Article

Qigong Exercise Alleviates Fatigue, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms, Improves Sleep Quality, and Shortens Sleep Latency in Persons with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-Like Illness

Table 2

Sleep, fatigue, anxiety, and depressive symptoms at baseline, immediate postintervention, and 3-month postintervention.


	Within-group effects					Between-group effects
	T0	T1^a	Effect size	T2^a	Effect size	T1 − T0^b	T2 − T0^b	Time × group^c
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Cohen’s	Mean (SD)	Cohen’s	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)		value

PSQI total
Qigong ()	10.0 (3.7)	8.2 (3.4)^∗∗∗	−0.51	8.3 (3.4)^∗∗∗	−0.48	−1.9 (3.4)^∗	−1.7 (3.4)	2.777	0.064
Waitlist ()	10.2 (3.8)	9.5 (3.7)^∗	−0.19	9.3 (3.5)^∗	−0.25	−0.7 (2.6)	−0.9 (3.5)	2.777	0.064
Subjective sleep quality
Qigong ()	1.93 (0.71)	1.42 (0.74)^∗∗∗	−0.70	1.49 (0.73)^∗∗∗	−0.61	−0.51 (0.71)^∗∗	−0.45 (0.7)^∗∗	6.364	0.002
Waitlist ()	1.86 (0.71)	1.68 (0.69)^∗	−0.26	1.75 (0.70)	−0.16	−0.18 (0.67)	−0.11 (0.72)	6.364	0.002
Sleep latency
Qigong ()	1.63 (1.06)	1.23 (0.99)^∗∗∗	−0.39	1.28 (1.02)^∗∗∗	−0.34	−0.40 (0.75)^∗	−0.35 (0.81)	3.168	0.044
Waitlist ()	1.69 (0.97)	1.57 (0.92)	−0.13	1.49 (0.95)^∗	−0.21	−0.12 (0.70)	−0.20 (0.79)	3.168	0.044
Sleep duration
Qigong ()	1.67 (0.91)	1.44 (0.83)^∗	−0.26	1.40 (0.81)^∗∗	−0.31	−0.23 (0.80)^∗	−0.27 (0.72)	1.905	0.151
Waitlist ()	1.75 (0.84)	1.79 (0.89)	−0.05	1.61 (0.85)	−0.17	0.04 (0.81)	−0.13 (0.83)	1.905	0.151
Sleep efficiency
Qigong ()	0.87 (1.16)	0.72 (1.09)	−0.13	0.96 (1.26)	0.07	−0.15 (1.32)	0.09 (1.29)	0.651	0.522
Waitlist ()	1.09 (1.12)	0.79 (1.15)	−0.26	1.05 (1.26)	−0.03	−0.31 (0.97)	−0.04 (1.41)	0.651	0.522
Sleep disturbance
Qigong ()	1.64 (0.69)	1.40 (0.62)^∗∗∗	−0.37	1.36 (0.63)^∗∗∗	−0.42	−0.24 (0.52)	−0.28 (0.48)	2.802	0.062
Waitlist ()	1.73 (0.68)	1.63 (0.65)	−0.15	1.63 (0.61)	−0.15	−0.11 (0.61)	−0.11 (0.63)	2.802	0.062
Use of sleep medication
Qigong ()	0.31 (0.78)	0.28 (0.77)	−0.04	0.30 (0.75)	−0.01	−0.03 (0.83)	−0.01 (0.80)	0.220	0.803
Waitlist ()	0.26 (0.60)	0.32 (0.72)	0.09	0.34 (0.79)	0.11	0.05 (0.72)	0.08 (0.89)	0.220	0.803
Daytime dysfunction
Qigong ()	1.90 (0.82)	1.59 (0.94)	−0.35	1.52 (0.96)	−0.43	−0.32 (0.86)	−0.38 (0.92)	1.381	0.253
Waitlist ()	1.77 (0.77)	1.64 (0.75)	−0.17	1.53 (0.73)	−0.32	−0.12 (0.76)	−0.23 (0.83)	1.381	0.253
ChFS total
Qigong ()	37.4 (6.2)	25.6 (12.6)^∗∗∗	−1.19	25.2 (12.7)^∗∗∗	−1.22	−11.8 (11.4)^∗∗∗	−12.2 (11.9)^∗∗∗	16.650	<0.001
Waitlist ()	36.4 (8.3)	32.3 (9.7)^∗∗∗	−0.45	31.1 (10.9)^∗∗∗	−0.55	−4.1 (6.5)	−5.3 (7.8)	16.650	<0.001
ChFS physical
Qigong ()	24.2 (4.0)	16.7 (8.0)^∗∗∗	−1.19	16.2 (8.1)^∗∗∗	−1.25	−7.5 (7.3)^∗∗∗	−8.0 (7.5)^∗∗∗	18.527	<0.001
Waitlist ()	23.0 (5.0)	20.6 (5.9)^∗∗∗	−0.44	20.0 (6.7)^∗∗∗	−0.51	−2.4 (4.1)	−3.1 (5.0)	18.527	<0.001
ChFS mental
Qigong ()	13.2 (3.6)	9.0 (5.4)^∗∗∗	−0.92	9.0 (5.3)^∗∗∗	−0.93	−4.3 (4.9)^∗∗∗	−4.3 (5.0)^∗∗	9.290	<0.001
Waitlist ()	13.3 (4.5)	11.7 (4.6)^∗∗∗	−0.35	11.2 (4.9)^∗∗∗	−0.45	−1.7 (3.4)	−2.2 (3.7)	9.290	<0.001
HADS Anxiety
Qigong ()	10.9 (3.7)	8.5 (4.0)^∗∗∗	−0.62	8.8 (4.4)^∗∗∗	−0.52	−2.3 (3.2)^∗∗	−2.1 (3.7)^∗	4.172	0.016
Waitlist ()	11.2 (3.6)	10.4 (4.0)^∗	−0.21	10.2 (4.0)^∗	−0.26	−0.8 (3.3)	−1.0 (3.3)	4.172	0.016
HADS depression
Qigong ()	9.4 (3.5)	6.6 (3.7)^∗∗∗	−0.78	7.2 (4.1)^∗∗∗	−0.58	−2.7 (3.5)^∗∗∗	−2.1 (3.9)	10.262	<0.001
Waitlist ()	9.5 (3.4)	8.8 (3.9)^∗	−0.19	8.5 (4.0)^∗∗	−0.27	−0.7 (2.9)	−1.0 (3.0)	10.262	<0.001

PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ChFS: Chalder Fatigue Scale; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; SD: standard deviation; T0: baseline; T1: immediate postintervention; T2: 3-month postintervention.
^aCompared with baseline using paired -test; ^bcompared the change score between groups using independent -test; ^crepeated measures ANCOVA adjusting for between-group difference in gender ratio. , and .