Compounds Cells/tissues Effects Study NG PRP and rat washed platelets
Antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and antithrombotic effect (i) Inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation Yao et al., 2008 [3 ] NG Rat washed platelets (ii) Increase the levels of Grb2, thrombospondin 1, and tubulin alpha 6 and decrease the levels of thioredoxin, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, DJ-1 protein, peroxiredoxin 3, thioredoxin-like protein 2, ribonuclease inhibitor, potassium channel subfamily V member 2, myosin regulatory light chain 9, and laminin receptor 1 Yao et al., 2008 [3 ] (iii) Decrease the ROS level NG-R1 Cultured human endothelial cells from different vascular sources (iv) Increase the synthesis of t-PA and decrease PAI-1 activity
Zhang et al., 1997 [12 ] PNS H9c2 cells
Protecting myocardium cells from apoptosis (i) Activate PI3K/Akt signaling pathway Chen et al., 2011 [13 ] PNS H9c2 cells (ii) Lower the levels of serum LDH, CK, and CK-MB and normalize myocardial superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities Shi et al., 2007 [24 ] PNS Cultured cardiomyocytes (iii) Alleviate intracellular calcium overload Chen et al., 2005 [23 ] Radix notoginseng formula HUVEs Promoting cardiac angiogenesis Promote HUVEC proliferation and secretion of VEGF, expression of VEGFR-2 protein Lei et al., 2010 [34 ] Ginsenoside Rg1 Rat cardiomyocyte H/R model Antimyocardial ischemia and hypoxia effect Reduce lactate dehydrogenase release and increased cell viability and reduce intracellular ROS and suppressed the intracellular
Ca(
+)
level Zhu et al., 2009 [38 ] Notoginseng extracts (ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rb1) DCs 2.4 cells Inhibitory effect on the inflammatory responses Inhibition of TNF-alpha production and inhibit LPS-stimulated cytokine production Rhule et al., 2008 [46 ] PNS VSMCs
Inhibition of intimal hyperplasia and smooth muscle cell proliferation (i) Inhibit the activation of PDGF-induced P-ERK1/2 and increase the content of MKP-1 Zhang et al., 2012 [49 ] PNS VSMCs (ii) Upregulate p53, Bax, and caspase-3 expressions and downregulate Bcl-2 expression Xu et al., 2011 [50 ] PNS VSMCs (iii) Inhibit the VSMC proliferation induced by hyperlipidemia serum Lin et al., 1993 [51 ] PNS VSMCs (iv) Inhibit the VSMC proliferation induced by hyperlipidemia serum Wang et al., 2006 [8 ] PNS ApoE-KO mice
Antiatherosclerosis effect (i) Lower the serum levels of lipid and oxLDL, ratio of plaque area to vessel area, and expression of CD40 and MMP-9 Liu et al., 2009 [53 ] PNS HUVEC (ii) Improve its activity, elevate the adhesion rate with monocytes, and increase the protein expression of ICAM-1 Qin et al., 2008 [54 ] (iii) Decrease the mRNA expression levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB/p65 Liu et al., 2010 [55 ] PNS, ginsenoside Rg1, and ginsenoside Rb1 HCAECs (iv) Inhibit TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation Wang et al., 2011 [59 ] PNS HUVECs (v) Regulate the VEGF-KDR/Flk-1 and PI3K-Akt-eNOS signaling pathways Hong et al., 2009 [60 ] PNS Endothelial cells
Vasodilative effect (i) Increase of Ca2+ level via the receptor-operated Ca2+ channels in the presence of ACh or the nonselective cation channels opened by CPA
C. Y. Kwan, and T. K. Kwan, 2000 [65 ] Ginsenoside-Rd VSMCs (ii) Inhibit Ca2+ entry through ROCC and SOCC without effects on VDCC and Ca2+ release Guan et al., 2006 [66 ] Ginsenoside-Rd BASMCs (iii) Inhibit cell proliferation and reverse basilar artery remodeling Li et al., 2012 [67 ] Rb1 and Rg1 Endothelial cell (iv) Increase endothelial-dependent vessel dilatation through the activation of NO by modulating the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway and l-arginine transport Pan et al., 2012 [68 ] PNS Cultured myocardial cells Inhibition of left ventricular remodeling Inhibitory action on neurohormonal factor NE Zhou et al., 2005 [71 ]
