Cognitive-Enhancing Effect of Steamed and Fermented Codonopsis lanceolata: A Behavioral and Biochemical Study

Figure 1

The effect of fermented C. lanceolata on escape latency in scopolamine-injected mice in the Morris water maze test. Control group (0.5% CMC (10 mL/kg body weight, P.O.) scopolamine group (1 mg/kg body weight, S.C.), donepezil group (1 mg/kg body weight, P.O.)) and fermented C. lanceolata group (300, 500, and 800 mg/kg body weight, P.O. treated 1 h before scopolamine administration). The values shown are the mean escape latency ± SD (𝑛=7). Escape latency of trial 2 significantly differed from that of trial 1: ^∗𝑃<0.05, ^∗∗𝑃<0.01, and ^∗∗∗𝑃<0.001 and ^#𝑃<0.05, ^##𝑃<0.01, and ^###𝑃<0.001 versus the scopolamine group.