A Review of Botanical Characteristics, Traditional Usage, Chemical Components, Pharmacological Activities, and Safety of Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC

Table 8

Reported effects of P. bleo extracts on the growth of selected bacteria and fungi.

Organism	Antibacterial and antifungal effect of the extracts						Positive control	References
	Methanol	Water	Hexane	Dichloroethane	Ethyl acetate	Chloroform
Bacillus subtilis ^a	−	NA	−	−	−	NA	Streptomycin*	[8]
	−	−	−	NA	−	NA	Gentamicin, ampicillin	[41]
	NA	NA	−	−	NA	NA	Streptomycin	[38]
Escherichia coli ^b	−	NA	NA	−	NA	NA	Streptomycin	[42]
Escherichia coli ^a	−	−	−	NA	−	NA	Gentamicin, ampicillin	[41]
Helicobacter pylori ^b	−	NA	NA	−	NA	NA	Streptomycin	[42]
Klebsiella pneumoniae ^b	−	NA	NA	−	NA	NA	Streptomycin	[42]
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus ^a	−	NA	−	+++	−	NA	Streptomycin*	[8]
	NA	NA	−	++	NA	NA	Streptomycin	[38]
Mycobacterium smegmatis ^b	−	NA	NA	−	NA	NA	Streptomycin	[42]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ^a	++	NA	+++	+	+	NA	Streptomycin	[8]
	+	−	−	NA	+	NA	Gentamicin, ampicillin	[41]
	NA	NA	+++	+	NA	NA	Streptomycin*	[38]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ^b	−	NA	NA	−	NA	NA	Streptomycin	[42]
Salmonella choleraesuis ^a	++	NA	+++	−	−	NA	Streptomycin*	[8]
	NA	NA	+++	−	NA	NA	Streptomycin	[38]
Staphylococcus aureus ^b	−	NA	NA	−	NA	NA	Streptomycin	[42]
Staphylococcus aureus ^a	−	−	−	NA	−	NA	Gentamicin, ampicillin	[41]
Candida albicans ^c	−	−	NA	NA	NA	−	Propiconazole, miconazole	[43]
Candida albicans ^b	−	NA	NA	−	NA	NA	Amphotericin B	[42]
Cladosporium cucumerinum ^c	+	+	NA	NA	NA	+	Propiconazole, miconazole	[43]

aThe screening for antibacterial effect was carried out by determining the zone of inhibition using paper disc, + stands for activity between 6–9 mm, ++ stands for activity between 9–14 mm, +++ stands for activity more than 14 mm [38].
^b(+) stands for activity at 100 𝜇g/mL for E.  coli, S.  aureus, K.  pneumoniae, M.  smegmatis, C.  albicance, P.  aeruginosa and at 12.5 𝜇g/mL for H. pylori, (−) stands for inactive samples.
^cagar overlay assay and (+) stands for active extracts at 50 𝜇g/mL, (−) stands for inactive extract.
NA: not applicable as there is no report in the literature.
*Streptomycin showed 20 to 23 mm inhibition zone. The rest of the studies did not report the exact value of the inhibition for their positive controls.