Inhibitory Effects of Gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre) Leaves on Tumour Promotion in Two-Stage Mouse Skin Carcinogenesis

Figure 1

Inhibitory effects of ethanol extracts of gymnema leaves on tumour promotion of skin papillomas by TPA in DMBA-initiated mice. From 1 week after initiation with a single topical application of 50 μg of DMBA, 1 μg of TPA was applied twice weekly. Topical application of ethanol extract (1 mg) and vehicle was performed 30 min before each TPA treatment. Data are expressed as the percentage of mice bearing papillomas (a) and as the average number of papillomas per mouse (b). ●, +TPA with vehicle alone; ○, +TPA with ethanol extract of gymnema leaves. The treated group was determined to be statistically different from the control group by Mann-Whitney  𝑈  exact test (a) and by Student’s 𝑡-test (b). ^∗𝑃<0.05 and ^∗∗𝑃<0.01.

(a)

(b)