Polyphenols as Key Players for the Antileukaemic Effects of Propolis

Table 2

Summary of mechanisms of action of propolis and its commonly studied phenolic contents.

Propolis/phenolic compound	Cell type	Mechanisms of action	References
Propolis	U937; HL-60; K562	Induction of apoptosis, inhibition of growth and proliferation, and cell cycle arrest; Direct cytotoxicity and induction of differentiation and apoptosis; Induction of apoptosis	[119, 121]; [120]; [125]
Quercetin*	HL-60; K562; U937	Cell cycle arrest and inhibition of growth and proliferation; Induction of apoptosis and differentiation; Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest	[75]; [75]; [75]
Kaempferol*	HL-60	Cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition	[75]
Galangin*	HL-60	Inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis	[75]
Myricetin*	HL-60	Induction of apoptosis	[75]
Apigenin*	HL-60; THP; U937	Induction of apoptosis; Induction of apoptosis; Induction of apoptosis	[75]; [75]; [75]
Acacetin*	Jurkat cells	Growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis	[75]
Chrysin*	U937	Induction of apoptosis	[75]
Luteolin*	HL-60	Growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis	[75]
Baccharin and drupanin	HL-60	Growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis	[132]
Genistein	K562; HL-60; MOLT-4; RS4; 11	Inhibition of growth and induction of apoptosis; Cell cycle arrest; Cell cycle arrest; Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest	[91]; [91, 134]; [134]
Artepillin C	T-cell, B-cell	Induction of apoptosis	[138]

∗Previously reviewed by our team [75].