Research Article
Auricular Point Acupressure to Manage Chronic Low Back Pain in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study
Table 2
Demographic characteristics of the participants.
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Variable | Treatment condition | P value | Real () | Sham () |
| Age | | | | Mean (SD) | 70.6 (4.67) | 76.7 (7.00) | 0.01 | Range | 65–82 | 66–90 | Gender | | | | Male | 4 (21) | 7 (39%) | 0.24 | Female | 15 (79%) | 11 (61%) | Race/ethnicity | | | | White | 17 (89%) | 15 (83%) | 0.59 | Black/african american | 2 (11%) | 3 (17%) | Marital status* | | | | Currently married | 10 (52%) | 7 (39%) | 0.86 | Divorced | 3 (16%) | 3 (17%) | Widowed | 5 (23%) | 5 (28%) | Never married | 1 (5%) | 2 (11%) | Employment situation* | | | | Working (full time) | 2 (11%) | 2 (11%) | 0.76 | Working (part time) | 2 (11%) | 1 (5%) | Not employed | 1 (5%) | 3 (17%) | Retired | 14 (73%) | 11 (61%) | Education level* | | | | <8th grade | 1 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.75 | 8th to 11th grade | 0 (0%) | 1 (5%) | High school | 5 (26%) | 4 (22%) | Technical or vocational school | 1 (5%) | 2 (11%) | College and graduate | 12 (64%) | 10 (56%) | Estimated income before taxes* | | | | Less than $10,000 | 2 (11%) | 5 (28%) | 0.07 | $10,000 to $19,999 | 2 (11%) | 4 (22%) | $20,000 to $39,999 | 7 (37%) | 1 (5%) | $40,000 to $59,000 | 4 (21%) | 1 (5%) | $60,000 to $100,000 | 1 (5%) | 3 (17%) | More than $100,000 | 0 (0%) | 1 (5%) | Causes of back pain | | | | Osteoporosis | 2 (11%) | 4 (22%) | 0.37 | Osteoarthritis | 7 (37%) | 6 (33%) | 0.72 | Scoliosis | 4 (21%) | 3 (17%) | 0.67 | Disk herniation | 4 (21%) | 2 (11%) | 0.37 | Spinal stenosis | 6 (32%) | 9 (50%) | 0.30 | Spondylitis | 1 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.31 | Spondylosis | 2 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 0.15 | Vertebral fracture | 1 (5%) | 1 (5%) | 1.00 | Current treatment for back pain* | | | | Yes, currently | 4 (21%) | 5 (28%) | | NOT currently, but past | 11 (58%) | 9 (50%) | 0.82 | Never | 3 (16%) | 2 (11%) | | Current pain medication use | | | | Yes | 10 (53%) | 7 (39%) | 0.40 | No | 9 (47%) | 11 (61%) | Current sleep medication use | | | | Yes | 3 (16%) | 2 (11%) | 0.68 | No | 16 (84%) | 16 (89%) | Satisfied with current treatment* | | | | Yes | 9 (47%) | 9 (50%) | 0.23 | No | 4 (21%) | 1 (5%) |
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n varies due to missing data.
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