Auricular Point Acupressure to Manage Chronic Low Back Pain in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

Table 4

Primary outcome measures.

	BL score	Change BL to EOI	Effect size (Cohen’s D)	𝑃 value	Change BL to follow-up	Effect size (Cohen’s D)	𝑃 value
Worst pain
Real-ITT	7.32±2.03	−3.00	1.22	<0.01	−3.16	1.28	0.01
Sham-ITT	7.28±1.90	−0.33			−0.06
Worst pain
Real-PP	7.14±2.35	−3.21	1.07	0.02	−3.43	1.20	0.01
Sham-PP	6.78±1.72	−0.78			−0.22
RMDQ
Real-ITT	11.11±6.11	−2.95	0.92	<0.01	−2.63	0.65	0.05
Sham-ITT	14.11±4.57	−0.11			−0.33
RMDQ
Real-PP	11.00±6.67	−3.21	1.10	0.02	−2.79	0.68	0.13
Sham-PP	11.00±3.20	0.33			−0.11

ITT: intention-to-treat.
PP: per-protocol.
RMDQ: Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire.
EOI: end of intervention.
BL: baseline.