Study ID Sample (M/F) Age (years) Diagnosis standard TCM syndrome differentiation (number of patients) Region of China
Xu and Chen 2012 [13 ] 122 (58/64) 60–79 Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Phlegm and blood stasis resistance winding (39), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (44), and idney deficiency (39) Beijing
Ferreira and Lopes 2011 [14 ] 448 (243/205) M:
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Intense liver fire (284), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (43), phlegm-damp retention (74), and deficiency of both yin and yang (47) Jiangsu Wang et al.15 ] 99
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Qi stagnation and blood stasis (99) Guangdong Lee et al.16 ] 87 M:
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang (32), phlegm-damp retention (27), and qi deficiency with blood stasis (28) Guangdong Wang et al. 17 ] 140
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2010 (CGMH-2010) Intense liver fire (28), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (39), phlegm-damp retention (45), and deficiency of both yin and yang (28) Heibei Wang and Xiong18 ] 76 Not reported Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2010 (CGMH-2010) Kidney deficiency and blood stasis (76) Fujian Xiong et al.19 ] 395
Hypertension diagnostic criteria (unclear) Intense liver fire (54), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (177), phlegm-damp retention (62), and deficiency of both yin and yang (102) Liaoning Wang et al.20 ] 120 29–62 Hypertension diagnostic criteria (unclear) Ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang (30), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (30), phlegm-damp retention (30), and deficiency of both yin and yang (30) Hainan Wang et al. 2013 [21 ] 184 18–80 Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Intense liver fire (21), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (75), phlegm-damp retention (81), and deficiency of both yin and yang (7) Jiangsu Chen 1993 [22 ] 60 T:
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Dual deficiency of qi and yin (60) Guangdong Wang et al. 2012 [23 ] 53 40–80 1999 WHO-ISH GMH Insufficiency of spleen with overabundance of dampness (19), dual deficiency of qi and blood (20), and liver-kidney yin deficiency (14) Neimenggu Wang et al.24 ] 112 (83/29)
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Intense liver fire (19), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (23), phlegm-damp retention (16), and deficiency of both yin and yang (22) Jiangxi Wang and Xiong 25 ] 61 T:
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2004 (CGMH-2004) Blood stasis (61) Guangdong Chen et al. 2011 [26 ] 259
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Intense liver fire (35), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (89), phlegm-damp retention (88), and deficiency of both yin and yang (47) Beijing Xu and Chen27 ] 81
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Intense liver fire (42), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (18), phlegm-damp retention (14), and deficiency of both yin and yang (7) Zhejiang Chen et al.28 ] 183
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2004 (CGMH-2004) Intense liver fire (28), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (53), phlegm-damp retention (57), and deficiency of both yin and yang (45) Jiangsu Liu et al.29 ] 89 M:
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Intense liver fire (59), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (5), phlegm-damp retention (13), and deficiency of both yin and yang (12) Jiangsu Dobos and Tao30 ] 342 M:
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Intense liver fire (51), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (139), phlegm-damp retention (85), and deficiency of both yin and yang (67) Guangdong Xiong et al.31 ] 562 M:
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Intense liver fire (352), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (58), phlegm-damp retention (97), and deficiency of both yin and yang (55) Jiangsu Wang and Xiong 2012 [32 ] 398
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Intense liver fire (88), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (196), phlegm-damp retention (89), and deficiency of both yin and yang (25) Jiangsu Wang et al. 2013 [33 ] 178 18–80 Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Intense liver fire (49), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (43), phlegm-damp retention (57), and deficiency of both yin and yang (29) Shanghai Tian 2011 [34 ] 200 30–75 1999 WHO-ISH GMH Intense liver fire (37), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (55), phlegm-damp retention (82), and deficiency of both yin and yang (26) Tianjin Wang and Xiong 2012 [35 ] 120 T:
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Intense liver fire (37), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (55), phlegm-damp retention (82), and deficiency of both yin and yang (26) Hunan Wang et al. 2012 [36 ] 494 M:
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang (313), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (52), deficiency of both yin and yang (83), and liver-kidney yin deficiency (46) Jiangsu Xu and Chen 2008 [37 ] 150 Not reported Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Intense liver fire (29), randomized stagnation of phlegm (53), dual deficiency of qi and yin (30), and stasis blocking channels (38) Xinjiang Cheung 2011 [38 ] 109
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Intense liver fire (19), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (18), phlegm-damp retention (34), and deficiency of both yin and yang (38) Fujian Xiong et al. 2013 [39 ] 102 37–85 1999 WHO-ISH GMH Intense liver fire (18), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (31), phlegm-damp retention (23), and deficiency of both yin and yang (30) Guizhou Lu et al.40 ] 40 Not reported 1999 WHO-ISH GMH Blood stasis (40) Guangdong Zhao et al. 2012 [41 ] 60 T:
1999 WHO-ISH GMH and Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Blood stasis (60) Guangdong Liu et al. 2009 [42 ] 60 T:
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Phlegm-damp retention (60) Shanghai Wang et al.43 ] 82 60–75 1999 WHO-ISH GMH Liver-kidney yin deficiency (82) Heilongjiang Luo et al. 2011 [44 ] 100 36–81 Hypertension diagnostic criteria (unclear) Ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang (12), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (60), phlegm-damp retention (18), and kidney deficiency (10) Guangxi Wang et al. 2012 [45 ] 80
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Liver-kidney yin deficiency (80) Guangxi Wang et al. 2011 [46 ] 251
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Intense liver fire (71), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (62), phlegm-damp retention (60), and deficiency of both yin and yang (58) Liaoning Bai et al. 2005 [47 ] 122 T:
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang (35), liver-kidney yin deficiency (18), phlegm-damp retention (32), dual deficiency of qi and yin (25), and stasis blocking channels (12) Hebei Yang et al. 2005 [48 ] 80 M:
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang (80) Henan Xia et al. 2010 [49 ] 40 T:
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang (40) Gansu Liu et al. 2003 [50 ] 60 45–73 Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2009 (CGMH-2009) Yang hyperactivity (29), phlegm turbidity resistance (31) Zhejiang Yin and Liu 2005 [51 ] 36
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Phlegm-damp retention (36) Jiangsu Wu et al. 2010 [52 ] 90 32–78 1999 WHO-ISH GMH Ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and blood stasis (90) Hebei Deng 2008 [53 ] 60 T:
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Qi deficiency with blood stasis (60) Hebei Wu and Xu 2010 [54 ] 60 Not reported 1999 WHO-ISH GMH Dual deficiency of qi and yin (60) Guizhou Wang et al. 2011 [55 ] 276 M:
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Wind-yang interference (22), stasis blocking channels (73), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (134), and phlegm turbidity resistance (47) Guangxi Wu et al. 2010 [56 ] 156 T:
Hypertension diagnostic criteria (unclear) Ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang (52), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (53), and deficiency of both yin and yang (51) Zhejiang Fan and Liu 2010 [57 ] 395 30–80 Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Qi deficiency with blood stasis (65), intense liver fire (91), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (63), phlegm-damp retention (57), deficiency of both yin and yang (39), and dual deficiency of qi and blood (18) Beijing Zhu et al. 2009 [58 ] 54
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Kidney yang deficiency (24), kidney yin deficiency (30) Yunnan Liu et al. 2009 [59 ] 140 34–79 Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Intense liver fire (16), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (52), phlegm-damp retention (41), and deficiency of both yin and yang (31) Guangxi He et al. 2013 [60 ] 230 43–74 1999 WHO-ISH GMH Intense liver fire (28), ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang (148), and liver-kidney yin deficiency (54) Guangdong Tang et al. 2012 [61 ] 100
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Intense liver fire (19), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (29), deficiency of both yin and yang (20), and liver-kidney yin deficiency (32) Shanghai Gong et al. 2010 [62 ] 120 T:
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Intense liver fire (30), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (30), phlegm-damp retention (30), and deficiency of both yin and yang (30) Shandong Zhang et al. 2005 [63 ] 60
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2004 (CGMH-2004) Intense liver fire (8), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (28), phlegm-damp retention (14), and deficiency of both yin and yang (10) Guangxi Liu et al. 2009 [64 ] 200 M:
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Intense liver fire (51), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (49), phlegm-damp retention (50), and deficiency of both yin and yang (50) Guangxi Wang 2012 [65 ] 200
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Intense liver fire (96), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (46), phlegm-damp retention (18), and deficiency of both yin and yang (37) Shanxi Yao and Huang 2007 [66 ] 47
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2004 (CGMH-2004) Intense liver fire (12), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (11), phlegm-damp retention (12), and deficiency of both yin and yang (12) Tianjin Guo et al. 2002 [67 ] 120 T:
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2004 (CGMH-2004) Intense liver fire (30), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (30), phlegm-damp retention (30), and deficiency of both yin and yang (30) Anhui Zhang et al. 2011 [68 ] 320
2007 WHO-ISH GMH Intense liver fire (36), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (101), phlegm-damp retention (125), and deficiency of both yin and yang (58) Jiangsu Liao et al. 2010 [69 ] 23 T:
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Blood stasis (23) Fujian Xiong 2010 [70 ] 70
Hypertension diagnostic criteria (unclear) Intense liver fire (13), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (21), phlegm-damp retention (25), and deficiency of both yin and yang (11) Heilongjiang Jiang et al. 2012 [71 ] 86 36–81 Hypertension diagnostic criteria (unclear) Yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (86) Guangdong Huang and Wei 2012 [72 ] 260
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2010 (CGMH-2010) Intense liver fire (56), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (77), phlegm-damp retention (73), and deficiency of both yin and yang (54) Beijing Lu 2004 [73 ] 138
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Intense liver fire (16), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (43), phlegm-damp retention (45), and deficiency of both yin and yang (34) Fujian Sun and Wang 2005 [74 ] 703 50–79 Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (215), phlegm-damp retention (83), deficiency of both yin and yang (91), ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang (135), liver-kidney yin deficiency (92), yang deficiency (11), qi deficiency (14), dual deficiency of qi and yin (14), blood stasis (11), qi deficiency with blood stasis (3), internal harassment of phlegm-heat (22), internal harassment of phlegm-heat and blood stasis (3), liver-kidney yin deficiency and blood stasis (2), internal harassment of phlegm-heat and qi deficiency (1), deficiency of both yin and yang and internal harassment of phlegm-heat (1), liver-kidney yin deficiency and phlegm-damp retention (1), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity and blood stasis (1), ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and internal harassment of phlegm-heat (1), ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and blood stasis (1), and deficiency of both yin and yang and phlegm-damp retention (1) Guangdong Xiang et al. 2012 [75 ] 125 55–72 Hypertension diagnostic criteria (unclear) Kidney deficiency and blood stasis (15), internal stirring of liver wind (68), qi deficiency with blood stasis (21), and intermingled phlegm and blood stasis (21) Guangdong Zhu 2009 [76 ] 97 37–79 Hypertension diagnostic criteria (unclear) Ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang (13), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (59), liver-kidney yin deficiency (16), and deficiency of both yin and yang (21) Shandong Xu and Wang 2009 [77 ] 80 40–83 1999 WHO-ISH GMH Intense liver fire (18), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (17), phlegm-damp retention (35), and deficiency of both yin and yang (10) Xinjiang Lin and Kang 2012 [78 ] 69 T:
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Liver-kidney yin deficiency (69) Zhejiang Feng et al. 2013 [79 ] 60
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang (60) Fujian Yu and Xing 2010 [80 ] 168 T:
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Intense liver fire (54), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (45), phlegm-damp retention (36), and deficiency of both yin and yang (33) Beijing Qiu et al. 2011 [81 ] 170
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2004 Intense liver fire (43), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (40), phlegm-damp retention (38), and deficiency of both yin and yang (49) Beijing Wu and Xu 2012 [82 ] 149
Hypertension diagnostic criteria (unclear) Intense liver fire (48), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (32), phlegm-damp retention (49), and deficiency of both yin and yang (20) Hubei Fang et al. 2007 [83 ] 220 34–73 1999 WHO-ISH GMH Intense liver fire (98), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (79), phlegm-damp retention (19), and deficiency of both yin and yang (24) Gansu Fang et al. 2003 [84 ] 229 >35 Hypertension diagnostic criteria (unclear) Liver-kidney yin deficiency (60), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (73), phlegm-damp retention (85), and deficiency of both yin and yang (11) Hangzhou Peng and Shi 2010 [85 ] 122
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Qi deficiency with blood stasis (26), intense liver fire (23), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (26), phlegm-damp retention (25), and deficiency of both yin and yang (22) Anhui Yang et al. 2004 [86 ] 151 Not reported Hypertension diagnostic criteria (unclear) Ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang (151) Shandong Shi et al. 2013 [87 ] 60
Clinical research guiding principles of new medicine of Chinese traditional medicine Phlegm-damp retention (60) Zhejiang Han 2004 [88 ] 377 20–60 Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2005 (CGMH-2005) Intense liver fire (108), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (70), phlegm-damp retention (154), and deficiency of both yin and yang (45) Anhui Shen et al. 2008 [89 ] 79 T:
Clinical research guiding principles of new medicine of Chinese traditional medicine Phlegm and blood stasis resistance winding and ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang (79) Guangzhou Shen et al. 2005 [90 ] 290
Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2004 (CGMH-2004) Intense liver fire (34), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (99), phlegm-damp retention (114), and deficiency of both yin and yang (43) Jiangsu Liu et al. 2009 [91 ] 240 18–65 Hypertension diagnostic criteria (unclear) Intense liver fire (240) Anhui Lu et al. 2011 [92 ] 80 T:
1999 WHO-ISH GMH Blood stasis (80) Guangxi Guo et al. 2006 [93 ] 60 Not reported Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2010 (CGMH-2010) Yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (60) Fujian Zhang et al. 2012 [94 ] 140 56±10 Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-2010 (CGMH-2010) Ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang (28), yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity (39), phlegm-damp retention (45), and deficiency of both yin and yang (28) Hebei Dong et al. 2010 [95 ] 166 63–82 Hypertension diagnostic criteria (unclear) Kidney yin deficiency and wind-phlegm (166) Sichuan
