Preclinical Evaluation of Antiurolithiatic Activity of Viburnum opulus L. on Sodium Oxalate-Induced Urolithiasis Rat Model

Table 4

Effect of the test samples on the serum parameters.

Group	Unit	Statistical mean ± S.E.M.
		Vehicle	NaOx	Hexane extract	EtOAc extract	MeOH extract	LJVO	LCJVO	Cystone
Creatinine	mg/dL	1.59 ± 0.04	4.06 ± 0.13	2.08 ± 0.12	2.26 ± 0.16	1.98 ± 0.07	1.75 ± 0.08	1.66 ± 0.10	1.46 ± 0.09
Urea nitrogen	mg/dL	11.17 ± 0.72	20.59 ± 1.32	18.89 ± 0.97	6.89 ± 1.07	9.15 ± 0.89	6.23 ± 0.70*	5.02 ± 0.39**	5.12 ± 0.45**
Uric acid	mg/dL	1.99 ± 0.65	4.08 ± 0.15	2.05 ± 0.51	1.85 ± 0.05	2.19 ± 0.32	1.91 ± 0.40	1.88 ± 0.23	1.80 ± 0.16
Sodium	eEq/L	3213.42 ± 158.65	5144.76 ± 214.63	4123.48 ± 186.25	4486.32 ± 168.30	5026.42 ± 317.49	4073.29 ± 250.38	4215.82 ± 154.36	3961.03 ± 86.40
Potassium	eEq/L	32.62 ± 1.13	64.26 ± 1.08	44.31 ± 1.26	48.92 ± 1.32	50.76 ± 1.25	28.30 ± 1.02	30.54 ± 0.95	24.10 ± 0.80*
Chloride	mEq/L	54.24 ± 2.75	132.73 ± 5.91	155.2 ± 3.67	81.96 ± 2.96	76.85 ± 3.04	74.17 ± 3.16	13.20 ± 1.91***	10.35 ± 1.07***
Calcium	mg/dL	2.74 ± 0.15	8.32 ± 0.39	7.14 ± 0.76	5.92 ± 0.50	3.85 ± 0.45	4.07 ± 0.36	2.53 ± 0.16	2.02 ± 0.09*

S.E.M.: standard error of the mean; ^∗𝑃<0.05; ^∗∗𝑃<0.01; ^∗∗∗𝑃<0.001; test groups were compared to the vehicle.