Amides from Piper as a Diuretic: Behind the Ethnopharmacological Uses of Piper glabratum Kunth

Table 3

Acute toxicity variables after treatment with methanolic extract from Piper glabratum (MEPG) in male and female Wistar rats.

Parameters	Experimental groups
	Control	MEPG (1 g/kg; i.p.)	MEPG (3 g/kg; i.p.)	MEPG (3 g/kg; p.o.)
Body weights (g), males	330.2±3.7	322.7±4.0	285.1±2.7^a	316.1±4.6
Water intake (g), males	233.6±7.6	240.4±9.2	175.7±9.9^a	244.6±8.4
Food intake (g), males	151.6±5.6	122.7±7.9	114.9±6.7^a	145.1±4.5
Body weights (g), females	274.0±1.3	268.6±2.4	243.2±3.1^a	277.5±1.3
Water intake (g), females	199.7±11.3	142.3±7.6	134.1±6.5^a	202.0±7.1
Food intake (g), females	122.1±4.7	118.4±8.7	91.5±5.6^a	117.1±3.8
Relative liver weights
Liver (%), males	4.13±0.19	4.33±0.32	3.96±0.07	3.91±0.09
Liver (%), females	2.79±0.24	3.13±0.24	2.46±0.04	2.72±0.18
Liver function tests
AST (mg/dL), males	111.4±8.3	163.8±11.9	289.5±11.3^a	159.0±29.9
ALT (mg/dL), males	63.0±5.1	81.7±3.3	216.8±31.7^a	90.80±9.7
AST (mg/dL), females	107.6±8.1	100.0±11.9	181.5±14.0^a	101.2±6.0
ALT (mg/dL), females	46.0±4.0	40.2±5.6	122.0±21.6^a	51.4±1.8

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of six rats in each group in comparison to the control using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s test or Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney test (relative liver weights) (^a𝑃<0.05). AST: aspartate transaminase; ALT: alanine transaminase; i.p.: intraperitoneally; p.o.: per oral route.