In Vitro Assessment of Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) Leaf Extracts

Figure 4

Effect of R. communis extracts on Raw 264.7 macrophages cells in response to oxidative stress and inflammation. Reactive oxygen species were induced by LPS and PMA stimulants. Cells were fixed and stained with H₂DCF-DA to measure the amount of free radical molecules produced in the cells (green) and DAPI to locate the nucleus in the cells (blue).