Genus Caulophyllum: An Overview of Chemistry and Bioactivity

Table 2

Chemical structures of triterpene saponins (23–54) from genus Caulophyllum.

No.	Compound names	C-3	C-28	Formula	Sources^a	References
23	Ara→3β-O-AG^1	S1	—	C35H56O7	Ct	[21]
24	Saponin PE, Glc → ^2Ara → 3β-O-AG^1	S2	—	C41H66O12	Ct	[20, 21]
25	Ciwujianoside A, Glc → ^2Ara → 3β-O-AG^1-28-O ← Glc^6← Glc^4← Rha	S2	S3	C59H96O26	Ct	[20, 21]
26	Cauloside A, Ara → 3β-O-AG^2	S1	—	C35H56O8	Cr, Ct	[20, 21, 30, 31, 37, 89]
27	Cauloside C, Glc → ^2Ara → 3β-O-AG^2	S2	—	C41H66O13	Cr, Ct	[20, 21, 31, 37, 89]
28	Cauloside D, Ara → 3β-O-AG^2-28-O ← Glc^6← Glc^4← Rha	S1	S3	C53H86O22	Cr, Ct	[20–22, 30, 90]
29	Cauloside G, Glc → ^2Ara → 3β-O-AG^2-28-O ← Glc^6← Glc^4← Rha	S2	S3	C59H96O27	Cr, Ct	[20–22, 30, 91]
30	Cauloside b, Rha → ^2Ara → 3β-O-AG^2	S4	—	C41H66O12	Cr	[92]
31	Cauloside c, Ara → ^3Rha → ^2Ara → 3β-O-AG^2	S5	—	C46H74O16	Cr	[92]
32	AG^2-28-O ← Glc^6← Glc^4← Rha	—	S3	C48H78O18	Ct	[21]
33	Glc → ^3Ara → 3β-O-AG^2-28-O ← Glc^6← Glc^4← Rha	S6	S3	C59H96O27	Cr	[22, 93]
34	Ara → 3β-O-AG^3-28-O ← Glc^6← Glc^4← Rha	S1	S3	C53H86O22	Ct	[30]
35	Ara → 3β-O-AG^3	S1	—	C35H56O8	Ct, Cr	[21, 31, 37]
36	Glc → ^2Ara → 3β-O-AG^3	S2	—	C41H66O13	Ct	[21, 30]
37	Leiyemudanoside C, Glc → ^3Ara → 3β-O-AG^3- 28-O ← Glc^6← Glc^4← Rha	S6	S3	C59H96O27	Cr	[36]
38	Ara → 3β-O-AG^3-28-O ← Glc^6← Glc	S1	S7	C47H76O19	Ct	[21]
39	Glc → ^2Ara → 3β-O-AG^3-28-O ← Glc^6← Glc^4← Rha	S2	S3	C59H96O27	Cr	[30]
40	Cauloside B, Ara → 3β-O-AG^4	S1	—	C35H56O9	Cr, Ct	[20–22, 30, 31, 37, 94]
41	Leonticin D, Ara → 3β-O-AG^4-28-O ← Glc^6← Glc^4← Rha	S1	S3	C53H86O23	Ct	[21, 22, 30]
42	Cauloside H, Glc → ^2Ara → 3β-O-AG^4-28-O ← Glc^6← Glc^4← Rha	S2	S3	C59H96O28	Ct	[20]
43	Leiyemudanoside A, Ara → 3β-O-AG^4-28-O ← Glc^6← Glc	S1	S7	C47H76O19	Cr	[36]
44	Leiyemudanoside B, Glc → ^3Ara → 3β-O-AG^4-28-O ← Glc^6← Glc^4← Rha	S6	S3	C59H96O28	Cr	[36]
45	Glc → ^2Ara → 3β-O-AG^4	S2	—	C41H66O14	Ct	[21]
46	Ara → 3β-O-AG^4-28-O ← Glc	S1	S8	C41H66O14	Ct	[21]
47	Ara → 3β-O-AG^5	S1	—	C35H54O8	Ct	[21]
48	Ara → 3β-O-AG^6	S1	—	C35H54O9	Ct	[21]
49	Glc → ^2Ara → 3β-O-AG^7	S2	—	C41H64O14	Ct	[21]
50	Ara → 3β-O-AG^8	S1	—	C35H54O10	Ct	[21]
51	Ara → 3β-O-AG^9	S1	—	C35H54O9	Ct	[21]
52	Glc → ^2Ara → 3β-O-AG^10	S2	—	C41H68O13	Ct	[21]
53	Glc → ^2Ara → 3β-O-AG^11	S2	—	C41H66O12	Ct	[21]
54	Ara → 3β-O-AG^12	S1	—	C35H58O8	Cr	[31]

aCr means C. robustum; Ct means C. thalictroides.