Caffeamide 36-13 Regulates the Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Signs of High-Fat-Fed Mice on Glucose Transporter 4, AMPK Phosphorylation, and Regulated Hepatic Glucose Production

Table 2

Effects of caffeamide 36-13 (TS) on absolute tissue weight, food intake, liver lipids and blood profiles.

Parameter	CON	HF	HF + T1	HF + T2	HF + Rosi
			0.01^a	0.02^a	0.01^a
Absolute tissue weight (g)
EWAT	0.349±0.003	1.481±0.158^###	0.999±0.105^∗	0.832±0.082^∗∗∗	1.003±0.103^∗
MWAT	0.278±0.014	0.518±0.070^###	0.406±0.016^∗∗	0.372±0.025^∗∗∗	0.238±0.033^∗∗∗
RWAT	0.087±0.010	0.671±0.059^###	0.472±0.065^∗	0.373±0.050^∗∗	0.334±0.057^∗
Visveral fat	0.429±0.027	2.148±0.198^###	1.471±0.166^∗∗	1.205±0.130^∗∗∗	1.330±0.138^∗∗∗
BAT	0.127±0.025	0.191±0.023	0.162±0.042	0.121±0.014^∗	0.210±0.023
Liver (g)	0.906±0.035	1.078±0.075	0.999±0.060	1.030±0.117	0.871±0.075
Spleen	0.059±0.003	0.075±0.004	0.071±0.003	0.074±0.006	0.080±0.005
Weight gain (g)	−0.12±0.31	2.61±1.04^##	1.71±0.59	0.43±0.59	0.91±1.45
Food intake (g/day/mouse)	2.01±0.02	1.73±0.05^###	1.62±0.04	1.62±0.05	1.74±0.05
Liver lipids
total lipid (mg/g)	51.0±3.6	91.1±5.2^###	69.8±3.7^∗	60.2±5.9^∗∗	60.2±5.4^∗∗
Triacylglycerol (𝜇mol/g)	30.1±3.3	74.4±6.8^###	53.6±5.6^∗	46.1±6.2^∗∗	42.6±5.8^∗∗
Blood profiles
Glucose levels (mg/dL)	84±5.9	142.3±7.1^###	98.5±8.4^∗∗	98.0±7.6^∗∗	88.5±5.8^∗∗∗
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	56.4±4.1	107.4±5.8^###	77.5±5.8^∗∗	75.9±4.7^∗∗∗	81.8±5.8^∗
FFA (meq/L)	1.64±0.08	2.68±0.07^##	1.32±0.14^∗∗	1.27±0.09^∗∗∗	1.52±0.16^∗
TC (mg/dL)	91.0±4.7	183.4±6.8^###	175.0±7.0	184.9±23.8	134.9±3.5
Insulin (𝜇U/mL)	20.13±5.88	151.03±15.53^###	53.44±13.85^∗	47.45±10.29^∗∗	51.10±19.97^∗
Adiponectin (ng/mL)	7.12±0.31	4.39±0.22^##	6.72±0.37^∗	7.35±0.49^∗∗	7.51±0.53^∗∗
Leptin (𝜇g/mL)	1.230±0.062	2.923±0.056^###	2.155±0.100^∗∗∗	2.009±0.105^∗∗∗	2.063±0.111^∗∗∗

All values are means ± S.E. (𝑛=9). ^#𝑃<0.05, ^##𝑃<0.01, ^###𝑃<0.001 compared with the control (CON) group; ^∗𝑃<0.05, ^∗∗𝑃<0.01, ^∗∗∗𝑃<0.001 compared with the high-fat + vehicle (distilled water) (HF) group. TS: T1: 0.01, T2: 0.02 g/kg bodyweight; Rosi: rosiglitazone (0.01 g/kg body weight). BAT, brown adipose tissue; RWAT, retroperioneal white adipose tissue; MWAT, mesenteric white adipose tissue; FFA, plasma free fatty acid; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride. ^aDose (g/kg/day).