A Review of Hepatoprotective Plants Used in Saudi Traditional Medicine

Table 1

Saudi herbal drug with hepatoprotective activity.

Plant name	Traditional uses	Chemical constituent	Reference
Apium graveolens	Liver and spleen disorders, jaundice, rheumatism, gout, and inflammatory diseases	Limonene, p-dimethyl styrene, n-pertyl benzene, caryophyllene, a-selinene, n-butyl phthalide, and sedanenolide	[7–9, 13]
Artemisia scoparia	Jaundice and liver disorders	Hyperin, eupafolin, pedalitin, 5,7,2′,4′-tetrahydroxy-6,5′-dimethoxyflavone, camphor, and 1,8-, and beta-caryophyllene	[16, 17, 26]
Bacopa monnieri	Jaundice, liver diseases, spleen disorders, and digestive problems	Brahmine, bacosides-a, nicotine, herpestine, d-mannitol, and hersaponin	[27, 28, 34]
Balanites aegyptiaca	Jaundice, liver disorders, and spleen problems	Quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside; 3-glucoside, 3-rutinoside, 3-7-diglucoside, and 3-rhamnogalactoside	[35, 41]
Beta vulgaris	Spleen, liver problems, and inflammatory disorders	Betacyanins, betaxanthins, oxalic acid, and ascorbic acid	[42–44, 47]
Boerhavia diffusa	Jaundice and other liver diseases, internal inflammation, gall bladder problem, and spleen disorders	Punarnavine, boeravinones, flavonoids, amino acids, lignans, and tetracosanoic, esacosanoic, stearic, and ursolic acids	[48]
Camellia sinensis	Obesity/weight loss, arthritis, and other inflammatory conditions	Caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine	[54, 62]
Clitoria ternatea	Liver diseases	Taraxerol, taraxerone, ternatins, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins	[63, 64, 66, 69]
Commiphora opobalsamum	Stomach, jaundice, liver diseases, joint pain, and inflammatory disorders	Flavonoids, saponins, volatile oil, sterol, and/or triterpenes	[72, 73]
Curcuma longa	Loss of appetite, jaundice, liver problems, gall bladder disorders, and arthritis	Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bis-demethoxycurcumin	[76–78]
Eruca sativa	General tonic, liver, and intestinal disorders	Glucosinolates, quercetin, and erucic acid	[82–84, 86]
Ficus carica	Liver disease, stomach ailments, digestive problems, obesity, and inflammatory diseases	Psoralen, mucilages, flavonoids, vitamins, nicotinic acid, tyrosine, ficusin, bergaptene, stigmasterol, taraxasterol, beta-sitosterol, rutin, and sapogenin	[89–93, 97]
Grewia mollis	Liver disease, abdominal problems, arthritis, and inflammatory conditions	Luteolin, tetrahydroxyflavone, 7β-hydroxy-23-enedeoxojessic acid, 7β-hydroxy-23-deoxojessic acid, β-sitosterol, and β-sitosterol-3-o-glucoside	[99–102]
Grewia tenax	Liver disorders, jaundice, and inflammatory condition	Betulin, triacontan-1-ol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, lupenne, erythrodiol, and tetratriacont-21-ol-12-one	[4, 104, 105]
Haloxylon salicornicum	Jaundice, gall bladder stones, liver diseases, digestive disorders, inflammatory disorder, and joint diseases	Ursolic acid, 7-hydroxy-4-triacontanone, 24-hydroxy-4-octacosanone, 1-triacontanol, β-amyrin, 24-ethylcholesta-3,5-diene, 24-nor-12-ursene, β-sitosterol, and β-sitosterol	[106–111]
Hypericum perforatum	Jaundice, liver diseases, gall bladder stones, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory conditions	Rutin, hypericin, pseudohypericin, hyperforin, adhyperforin, quercetin, hyperoside, campferol, myricetin, amentoflavone, i3, kielcorin, and norathyriol	[112–115]
Juniperus procera	Liver disease, jaundice, digestive problems, inflammatory diseases, and ulcers	β-peltatin a, methyl ether and deoxypodophyllotoxin, and totarol	[115–117]
Lepidium sativum	Jaundice, liver problems, spleen diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, arthritis, and inflammatory disorders	Alkaloids, saponins, anthracene glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids, and sterols	[53, 118]
Moringa oleifera; (seed oil)	Liver disease, lipid disorders, arthritis, and inflammatory disorders	β-carotene, protein, and vitamin c	[119–122]
Nigella sativa	Liver tonics, digestive, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant, and remedy for jaundice	Thymoquinone, thymohydro quinine, dithymoquinone, p-cymene, carvacrol, and 4-terpineol	[123–125]
Peganum harmala	Jaundice, digestive disorders, liver disease, and arthritis	Harmaline, harmine, harmalol, and tetrahydroharmine	[126–131]
Pergularia daemia	Jaundice, liver diseases and inflammatory disorders	Cardenolides, alkaloid, saponins, triterpenes, and steroidal compounds	[132–135]
Petroselinum crispum	Liver diseases, constipation, flatulence, jaundice, colic pain and rheumatism	Flavone glycosides	[136–140]
Phyllanthus maderaspatensis	Emetic and purgative, constipation, digestion and abdominal pain liver disorders, rheumatism and inflammatory diseases	Essential oil, mandarin, mucilage, and β-sitosterol	[141–144]
Pimpinella anisum	Digestive, carminative, antispasmodic and for liver disorders	Trans-anethole and palmitic and oleic acids	[145–147]
Portulaca oleracea	Liver disorders, gastrointestinal problems and inflammatory disorders	Omega-3 fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid, and vitamins a, b, and c	[82, 148–151]
Rhazya stricta	Stomach problems, liver diseases and inflammatory disorders	Akuammidine, bhimberine, rhazimol	[36, 152–155]
Smilax regelii	Liver diseases, arthritis and inflammatory conditions	Saponins flavonoids, tannins, sterols, and triterpenes	[156–160]
Solanum nigrum	Liver disorders, jaundice and cirrhosis, inflammatory disorders, rheumatism and swellen joints	Glycoalkaloids, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, gallic acid, catechin, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, rutin, and naringenin.	[161–165]
Suaeda maritima	Liver, heart and lipid disorders	Alkaloid, flavonoid, and tannins	[166–168]
Tamarix nilotica	Liver, stomach and inflammatory problems	Kaempferol, syringaresinol, isoferulic acid, niloticol, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamaldehyde, methyl and ethyl esters of gallic acid, para-methoxygallic acid, quercetin 3-oglucuronides, 3-o-sulphated kaempferol, and 7,4′-dimethyl ether	[169–171]
Tephrosia purpurea	Jaundice, liver, biliary and splenic disease, and inflammatory disorders	β-sitosterol, quercetin, lupeol, rutin, delphinidin chloride, cyanidin chloride, isolonchocarpin, lanceolatins a and b, pongamol, karangin, kangone, 5,7-dimethoxy-8-flavanone, 2-methoxy-3,9-dihydroxycoumestone	[172–176]
Teucrium polium	Liver diseases, inflammatory disorders, stomach and intestinal troubles and rheumatism	Caryophyllene, cedrol, a-epi-cadinol, and e-g-bisabolol	[177–181]
Trianthema Portulacastrum	Liver diseases and pain	Flavonoid, steroids, fats, terpenes, carbohydrates, tannins, and alkaloids	[182, 183]
Tribulus terrestris	Tonic, diuretic, and aphrodisiac	Tigogenin, neotigogenin, terrestrosid F, and gitonin	[184, 185]