Recent Advances in Developing Insect Natural Products as Potential Modern Day Medicines

Table 5

Summary of factors/processes involved in maggot therapy of infected wounds.

Factors/processes mediated by maggot extracts and secretions	Effect on wound	References
Debridement
(1) Maggot proteases	Digest wound debris	Chambers et al. [132]
(2) Maggot DNase	Digest DNA of debris and infecting bacteria in biofilms	Brown et al. [133]
(3) Maggot glycosidases	Digest wound debris	Telford et al. [134]
Wound healing
(4) Specific amino acids	Induce mitosis in endothelial cells	Bexfield et al. [135]
(5) Maggot fatty acid extracts	Activate angiogenesis	Zhang et al. [136]
(6) Neutrophil migration inhibition	Resolves inflammation	van der Plas et al. [137]
(7) Macrophage migration inhibition and TNF-α.	Resolves inflammation helped by increased IL-10	van der Plas et al. [138]
(8) Anti-inflammatory macrophages increased	Resolves inflammation helped by bFGF and VEGF cytokines inducing mitosis and angiogenesis	van der Plas et al. [139]
(9) Lymphocyte activation suppressed	Inhibits adaptive immunity to maggot proteins	Elkington et al. [140]
(10) Reduced complement activation	Inhibits complement action against maggot proteins	Cazander et al. [141]
Wound disinfection
(11) Maggot lucifensin	Active against gram-positive bacteria, for example, MRSA	Čeřovský et al. [142]; Andersen et al. [143]
(12) Maggot alloferons	Antiviral and antitumour activities	Chernysh et al. [144]
(13) Maggot seraticin	Active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria	Bexfield et al. [145]