American Ginseng Extract (Panax quinquefolius L.) Is Safe in Long-Term Use in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Table 1

Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of study subjects.

Variables	Group		𝑃
	Intervention	Control
Sample size (𝑛)	35	39
Gender (male/female)	13/22	15/24	0.907
Age (years)	61.9±8.59	63.7±10.28	0.447
Weight (kg)	88.1±17.22	80.9±15.91	0.071
BMI (kg/m^2)	33.0±5.53	30.1±4.68	0.017
WHR (male)	0.97±0.052	1.00±0.048	0.282
WHR (female) (%)	0.91±0.059	0.97±0.065	0.052
HbA1c (%)	7.2±1.31	6.9±1.21	0.466
FPG (mmol/L)	8.8±2.64	7.7±1.97	0.043
Antihypertensive agents	35	39	0.076
Number taking 1 agent/≥2 agents	20/15	21/18
Number taking specific agents	BB (8), CCB (9), ACE (16), ARB (0), TD (1), 𝛼-B (1), mox (2), fixed comb. (19)^#	BB (5), CCB (9), ACE (24), ARB (2), TD (3), 𝛼-B (1), mox (2), fixed comb. (17)^#
Oral hypoglycemic agents	35	30	0.326
Number taking 1 agent/≥2 agents	10/25	16/14
Number taking specific agents	MET (25), SULF (27), DPP-4 inh (6), GLP-1 (1), MET + TZD (1), ACA (3)	MET (23), SULF (16), DPP-4 inh (5), GLP-1 (0), MET + TZD (0), ACA (1)
Hypolipemic agents	27	34	0.707
Number taking 1 agent/≥2 agents	22/5	30/4
Number taking specific agents	STAT (24), FIB (7), EZE (0), fixed comb. (1)^##	STAT (32), FIB (4), EZE (1), fixed comb. (1)^##

Data expressed as mean ± SD.
BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; FPG: fasting plasma glucose.
ACE indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BB: 𝛽-blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker; TD: thiazide diuretic; 𝛼-B: alpha-blocker; mox: moxonidin (central alpha adrenergic agonist); MET: metformin; SULF: sulfonylurea; DPP-4 inh: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist; ACA: acarbose; TZD: thiazolidinediones; STAT: statin; FIB: fibrate; EZE: ezetemibe; fixed comb.: fixed-dose combination antihypertensives.
^#ACE + D; ARB + D; ACE + CCB.
^##STAT + EZE.
𝑃 value by the independent 𝑡-test or the Yates corrected chi-square test, as appropriate.