Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Clitocybe nuda on Glucose Transporter 4 and AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphorylation in High-Fat-Fed Mice

Table 2

Absolute tissue weight, weight gain over 4-week treatment (g), liver lipids, and blood profiles.

Parameter	CON	HF	HF + C1	HF + C2	HF + C3	HF + Rosi
			0.2^a	0.5^a	1.0^a	0.01^a
Absolute tissue weight (g)
MWAT	0.310 ± 0.016	0.594 ± 0.044^###	0.450 ± 0.051**	0.405 ± 0.031***	0.402 ± 0.025***	0.359 ± 0.038***
RWAT	0.093 ± 0.063	0.516 ± 0.068^###	0.288 ± 0.040**	0.294 ± 0.044**	0.272 ± 0.034***	0.163 ± 0.031***
BAT	0.078 ± 0.005	0.062 ± 0.006	0.065 ± 0.005	0.054 ± 0.006	0.053 ± 0.004	0.071 ± 0.004
Liver (g)	0.873 ± 0.030	0.873 ± 0.029	0.869 ± 0.026	0.841 ± 0.025	0.825 ± 0.030	0.929 ± 0.021
Spleen	0.061 ± 0.004	0.068 ± 0.003	0.078 ± 0.004	0.074 ± 0.002	0.068 ± 0.002	0.074 ± 0.004
Food intake (g/mouse)	76.41 ± 1.57	67.12 ± 1.01^###	58.97 ± 0.91***	58.71 ± 1.16***	58.71 ± 1.19***	68.11 ± 1.64
Liver lipids
Total lipid (mg/g)	57.6 ± 2.8	93.8 ± 5.7^###	75.2 ± 3.9*	65.1 ± 4.5**	63.9 ± 3.9**	64.4 ± 4.9**
Triacylglycerol (μmol/g)	35.6 ± 3.7	78.4 ± 6.9^###	58.9 ± 6.1*	43.2 ± 4.6***	44.0 ± 5.9***	46.5 ± 5.4***
Blood profiles
FFA (meq/L)	1.529 ± 0.068	2.472 ± 0.063^#	1.404 ± 0.192*	1.329 ± 0.161*	1.231 ± 0.156**	1.359 ± 0.173*
TC (mg/dL)	100.3 ± 4.6	154.0 ± 5.5^###	148.8 ± 3.4	142.6 ± 6.0	130.8 ± 8.8*	134.9 ± 3.5
Leptin (μg/mL)	1.767 ± 0.172	1.958 ± 0.272	1.292 ± 0.092*	1.269 ± 0.121*	1.112 ± 0.173*	1.429 ± 0.161
Insulin (µg/L)	1.567 ± 0.040	1.813 ± 0.101^#	1.517 ± 0.081*	1.387 ± 0.073**	1.384 ± 0.056**	1.363 ± 0.082***
Adiponectin (ng/mL)	10.05 ± 0.23	8.94 ± 0.49	9.85 ± 0.61	10.57 ± 0.46*	11.21 ± 0.33**	12.19 ± 0.75*
Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis for mRNA expression in liver tissue
ApoC-III	1.148 ± 0.039	1.023 ± 0.087	0.990 ± 0.037	0.996 ± 0.063	0.846 ± 0.016*	0.797 ± 0.046**

All values are mean ± S.E. (𝑛=9). ^#𝑃<0.05, ^##𝑃<0.01, and ^###𝑃<0.001 were compared with those of the control (CON) group; *𝑃<0.05, **𝑃<0.01, and ***𝑃<0.001 were compared with those of the high-fat + vehicle (distilled water) (HF) group. C1, C2, and C3: extracts of Clitocybe nuda. (C1: 0.2, C2: 0.5, and C3: 1.0 g/kg bodyweight); Rosi: rosiglitazone (0.01 g/kg body weight); BAT: brown adipose tissue; RWAT: retroperitoneal white adipose tissue; MWAT: mesenteric white adipose tissue; FFA: plasma-free fatty acid; TC: total cholesterol. Total RNA (1 μg) isolated from tissue was reverse transcripted by MMLV-RT, 10 μL of RT products was used as template for PCR. Signals were quantitated by image analysis; each value was normalized by GAPDH. ^aDose (g/kg/day).