Anti-Inflammatory Effects of 81 Chinese Herb Extracts and Their Correlation with the Characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Table 1
Effect of herb extracts on NO production and cell viability in simulated and resting RAW264.7 cells.
Plant name and authority
Part useda
Stimulation cells
Resting cells
Yieldf
Percent inhibition of NOb
Cell proliferation (%)c
NO production (M)d
Cytotoxicity (%)e
Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr.et Maxim.) Harms
SR
74.66 ± 0.01
97.64 ± 0.09
4.28 ± 0.01
90.76 ± 0.04
5.55
Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. W. Smith
BK
12.11 ± 0.01
66.29 ± 0.01
1.00 ± 0.01
99.16 ± 0.01
23.75
Achyranthes bidentata Bl.
RT
−11.62 ± 0.02
68.78 ± 0001
4.13 ± 0.03
73.25 ± 0.03
31.25
Acorus tatarinowii Schott.
SR
11.82 ± 0.01
47.40 ± 0.09
0.92 ± 0.01
98.57 ± 0.01
17.75
Actinidia arguta (Sieb.et Zucc.) Planch.ex Miq.
RT
54.67 ± 0.02
40.79 ± 0.03
1.18 ± 0.01
103.69 ± 0.01
7.42
Actinidia valvata Dunn
RT
32.11 ± 0.01
51.09 ± 0.01
2.94 ± 0.01
22.07 ± 0.01
7.36
Alisma orientalis (Sam.) Juzep.
ST
46.63 ± 0.04
53.01 ± 0.02
3.86 ± 0.02
101.11 ± 0.04
5.69
Allium macrostemon Bge.
ST
25.43 ± 0.03
73.53 ± 0.04
2.11 ± 0.01
93.74 ± 0.02
38.87
Aloe barbadensis Miller
LF
15.31 ± 0.10
35.02 ± 0.02
3.86 ± 0.02
94.60 ± 0.04
10.71
Amomum villosum Lour.
FR
35.56 ± 0.02
61.15 ± 0.04
4.57 ± 0.01
100.19 ± 0.03
5.18
Artemisia annua L.
HR
12.03 ± 0.03
29.48 ± 0.03
1.34 ± 0.01
105.08 ± 0.01
13.62
Artemisia anomala S. Moore
HR
59.56 ± 0.05
74.25 ± 0.01
1.61 ± 0.01
102.92 ± 0.02
11.04
Artemisia capillaris Thunb.
HR
41.2 ± 0.03
64.62 ± 0.03
4.02 ± 0.01
104.40 ± 0.04
17.36
Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge.
RT
13.96 ± 0.01
53.76 ± 0.03
4.30 ± 0.01
93.30 ± 0.05
47.06
Bambusa tuldoides Munro.
ST
27.32 ± 0.01
75.23 ± 0.01
3.19 ± 0.01
110.67 ± 0.03
1.14
Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb. f.
ST
77.52 ± 0.01
95.17 ± 0.08
4.29 ± 0.01
14.37 ± 0.02
18.63
Caesalpinia sappan L.
HW
94.27 ± 0.01
103.70 ± 0.01
3.75 ± 0.01
30.92 ± 0.01
10.66
Carpesium abrotanoides Linn.
HR
74.85 ± 0.03
53.24 ± 0.02
2.85 ± 0.01
102.95 ± 0.02
11.52
Carthamus tinctorius L.
FL
38.89 ± 0.02
89.78 ± 0.02
4.22 ± 0.01
104.26 ± 0.04
45.76
Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.
RT
−6.06 ± 0.01
55.62 ± 0.01
1.30 ± 0.01
101.88 ± 0.03
2.78
Cinnamomum cassia Presl.
TW
38.43 ± 0.02
86.03 ± 0.03
4.38 ± 0.01
107.18 ± 0.06
9.32
Cinnamomum cassia Presl.
BK
68.31 ± 0.02
97.01 ± 0.04
4.54 ± 0.01
60.18 ± 0.04
11.16
Curcuma longa L.
ST
89.32 ± 0.02
108.09 ± 0.05
4.61 ± 0.01
51.43 ± 0.02
9.36
Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf.
RT
−13.92 ± 0.01
60.45 ± 0.01
1.42 ± 0.01
101.83 ± 0.02
36.04
Corydalis yanhusuo
W. T. Wang
ST
7.36 ± 0.01
25.78 ± 0.01
0.74 ± 0.01
95.26 ± 0.01
11.14
Chrysanthemum indicum L.
FL
−2.87 ± 0.01
97.74 ± 0.01
1.65 ± 0.01
101.07 ± 0.02
26.1
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.
ST
8.81 ± 0.01
29.58 ± 0.02
1.25 ± 0.01
106.48 ± 0.02
8.01
Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling
RT
−8.31 ± 0.01
45.33 ± 0.01
0.59 ± 0.01
99.01 ± 0.02
9.423
Curcuma phaeocaulis Val.
ST
18.87 ± 0.03
43.53 ± 0.02
3.10 ± 0.01
98.00 ± 0.05
46.14
Dalbergia odorifera
T. Chen
HW
77.38 ± 0.04
88.27 ± 0.07
1.93 ± 0.01
86.12 ± 0.02
17.6
Daphne genkwa Sieb.et Zucc.
FL
99.17 ± 0.01
40.83 ± 0.03
4.25 ± 0.01
70.25 ± 0.04
20.55
Daphne tangutica Maxim.
BK
76.12 ± 0.01
91.32 ± 0.16
4.56 ± 0.01
85.67 ± 0.11
4.75
Drynaria fortunei (Kunze) J. Sm.
ST
6.46 ± 0.04
54.58 ± 0.01
1.15 ± 0.01
99.59 ± 0.02
11.458
Epimedium brevicornum Maxim.
LF
−43.84 ± 0.02
135.36 ± 0.02
1.06 ± 0.01
101.69 ± 0.02
13.78
Euodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth.
FR
56.35 ± 0.02
23.68 ± 0.01
1.80 ± 0.01
41.84 ± 0.03
33.89
Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl
FR
91.93 ± 0.01
34.44 ± 0.02
4.24 ± 0.01
27.32 ± 0.01
26.12
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis
FR
15.89 ± 0.01
50.48 ± 0.03
4.27 ± 0.01
129.77 ± 0.09
29.8
Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
SR
66.62 ± 0.01
107.8 ± 0.07
0.76 ± 0.01
109.65 ± 0.03
18.57
Iles pubescens Hook.et Arn.
RT
65.3 ± 0.02
106.52 ± 0.04
4.15 ± 0.01
117.70 ± 0.10
7.09
Ilex latifolia Thunb.
LF
32.33 ± 0.09
79.67 ± 0.01
3.42 ± 0.01
54.11 ± 0.04
19.14
Inula japonica Thunb.
FL
91.19 ± 0.01
84.48 ± 0.03
0.86 ± 0.01
100.42 ± 0.01
17.7
Inula linariifolia Turez.
HR
76.43 ± 0.01
129.93 ± 0.19
4.04 ± 0.01
84.41 ± 0.03
10.91
Isatis indigotica Fort.
LF
47.61 ± 0.02
86.83 ± 0.05
1.56 ± 0.01
106.24 ± 0.02
24.43
Isatis indigotica Fort.
RT
26.48 ± 0.02
53.51 ± 0.08
1.00 ± 0.01
103.22 ± 0.01
26.78
Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.
SR
91.13 ± 0.01
79.46 ± 0.05
3.88 ± 0.01
81.82 ± 0.04
28.1
Lonicera japonica Thunb.
FL
47.87 ± 0.02
86.17 ± 0.04
1.38 ± 0.01
107.12 ± 0.01
39.55
Magnolia biondii Pamp.
FL
−15.35 ± 0.01
82.89 ± 0.01
3.27 ± 0.01
102.22 ± 0.03
15.39
Morus alba L.
TW
50.78 ± 0.01
72.21 ± 0.06
4.69 ± 0.01
93.67 ± 0.03
7.88
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
FR
21.96 ± 0.02
95.84 ± 0.11
4.53 ± 0.04
105.37 ± 0.04
17.55
Nigella glandulifera Freyn et Sint.
SD
78.56 ± 0.01
95.88 ± 0.04
2.58 ± 0.01
113.01 ± 0.01
10.05
Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb.
HR
43.62 ± 0.02
62.44 ± 0.05
4.12 ± 0.01
69.83 ± 0.02
11.58
Ophiopogon japonicus
(L.f.) Ker-Gawl.
RT
9.31 ± 0.01
65.68 ± 0.05
0.62 ± 0.01
96.24 ± 0.01
39.34
Paeonia veitchii Lynch
RT
61.27 ± 0.05
49.03 ± 0.01
2.95 ± 0.01
101.88 ± 0.03
22.17
Paeonia lactiflora
Pall.
RT
−8.32 ± 0.01
77.45 ± 0.01
1.16 ± 0.01
98.85 ± 0.03
16.01
Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.
BK
31.64 ± 0.04
64.88 ± 0.02
4.15 ± 0.01
70.23 ± 0.01
28.7
Panax ginseng
C. A. Mey.
SR
26.73 ± 0.04
71.25 ± 0.06
0.92 ± 0.01
101.26 ± 0.01
36.617
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.
HR
11.22 ± 0.05
64.07 ± 0.02
2.23 ± 0.01
103.16 ± 0.01
12.36
Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn
RT
66.44 ± 0.02
102.58 ± 0.17
4.51 ± 0.01
20.67 ± 0.07
13.07
Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce
ST
−3.64 ± 0.02
47.88 ± 0.01
1.00 ± 0.01
97.64 ± 0.01
32.28
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.
RT
36.49 ± 0.02
63.84 ± 0.02
4.91 ± 0.01
73.7 ± 0.02
12.57
Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf
SC
56.75 ± 0.04
12.61 ± 0.06
1.34 ± 0.01
49.13 ± 0.03
2.21
Psoralea corylifolia L.
FR
41.35 ± 0.04
93.39 ± 0.04
1.16 ± 0.01
7.93 ± 0.01
5.34
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi
RT
58.64 ± 0.03
93.10 ± 0.08
0.68 ± 0.01
101.30 ± 0.02
20.25
Pyrola calliantha H. Andres.
HR
20.09 ± 0.07
50.68 ± 0.02
3.04 ± 0.01
106.48 ± 0.04
11.6
Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.
RT
−14.78 ± 0.01
38.15 ± 0.01
0.45 ± 0.01
96.41 ± 0.01
39.67
Rosa laevigata Michx.
FR
29.37 ± 0.02
69.39 ± 0.03
4.40 ± 0.01
91.48 ± 0.06
22.8
Rubia cordifolia L.
SR
69.99 ± 0.03
113.22 ± 0.12
5.30 ± 0.01
102.03 ± 0.06
12.67
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.
SR
7.35 ± 0.01
82.25 ± 0.14
2.02 ± 0.01
100.35 ± 0.01
40.42
Santalum album L.
HW
36.59 ± 0.02
61.80 ± 0.03
4.61 ± 0.01
63.65 ± 0.16
7.25
Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk.
RT
6.73 ± 0.01
56.66 ± 0.01
3.02 ± 0.01
92.08 ± 0.10
20.51
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi
RT
23.55 ± 0.01
69.68 ± 0.01
3.07 ± 0.01
100.93 ± 0.01
47.06
Scutellaria barbata D. Don
HR
53.51 ± 0.03
98.59 ± 0.03
4.28 ± 0.01
101.75 ± 0.04
21.39
Satsstrea japonica (Thunb.) De.
BK
70.55 ± 0.01
126.05 ± 0.14
4.19 ± 0.01
91.61 ± 0.03
4.66
Spatholobus suberectus Dunn.
ST
33.79 ± 0.01
27.24 ± 0.01
4.98 ± 0.01
92.21 ± 0.07
16.07
Stephania tetrandra S. Moore
RT
52.29 ± 0.06
8.38 ± 0.01
2.06 ± 0.01
98.80 ± 0.03
11.03
Tribulus terrestris L.
FR
73.48 ± 0.02
71.80 ± 0.09
4.15 ± 0.01
87.66 ± 0.05
8.44
Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.
PE
−2.38 ± 0.03
29.54 ± 0.01
1.07 ± 0.01
101.00 ± 0.01
35.97
Typha angustifolia L.
PL
78.99 ± 0.05
48.80 ± 0.01
3.66 ± 0.01
85.85 ± 0.02
7.09
Typhonium giganteum Engl.
ST
7.41 ± 0.01
47.14 ± 0.01
0.46 ± 0.01
94.68 ± 0.02
24.56
Xanthium sibiricum Patr.
HR
76.34 ± 0.04
94.41 ± 0.07
4.46 ± 0.01
83.82 ± 0.06
5.73
Zingiber officinale Rosc.
SR
91.28 ± 0.01
98.31 ± 0.05
2.20 ± 0.01
41.37 ± 0.04
10.10
L-NILg
35.2 ± 0.01
84.29 ± 0.01
3.22 ± 0.01
99.95 ± 0.03
HR: herb; RT: root; ST: stem; LF: leaf; TW: twig; FL: flower; FR: fruit; SD: seed; SC: sclerotium; HW: heartwood; SR: stem and root; PE: pericarp.
bPercent inhibition of NO production: Griess reaction was carried out to measure the production of nitrite in LPS/IFNγ-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in the absence or presence of 100 g/mL herb extracts.
cCell growth: MTT was performed to measure cell growth. The growth rate of control (no herb extract treatment) was considered as 100%.
dNO production: Griess reaction was used to measure the amount of nitrite in unstimulated RAW264.7 cells in the absence and presence of 100 g/mL herb extracts.
eCell cytotoxicity: MTT assay was performed to determine cell cytotoxicity of unstimulated RAW264.7 cells treated with herb extracts. Untreated group was considered as 100%.
fPercent yield of extract obtained from 70% ethanol extraction of each 100 g dry herb.
gPercent inhibition of iNOS activity at the test concentration of 50 M.
