Research Article
The Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Auricular Point Acupressure for Chronic Low Back Pain
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of the participants (
).
| | Mean (SD) or (%) | / | | Real () | Sham () |
| | Age | | | | | Mean (SD) | 61 (17.44) (20–82) | 66 (16.04) (21–90) | 0.91 | | Gender, (%) | | | | | Male | 10 (33%) | 10 (32%) | 0.93 | | Female | 20 (67%) | 21 (68%) | | | Race/ethnicity, (%) | | | | | White | 26 (87%) | 25 (81%) | 0.73 | | Black/African American | 4 (13%) | 6 (19%) | | | Marital status, (%) | | | | | Married or living with partner | 14 (47%) | 13 (42%) | 0.78 | | Divorced or widowed | 10 (33%) | 11 (36%) | | | Never married | 6 (20%) | 5 (16%) | | | Employment situation | | | | | Working (full time) | 6 (20%) | 4 (13%) | 0.67 | | Working (part time) | 2 (7%) | 2 (7%) | | Not employed | 4 (13%) | 6 (19%) | | Retired | 15 (50%) | 14 (45%) | | Others | 3 (10%) | 5 (16%) | | Education level | | | | | 10th grade | 2 (6%) | 2 (6%) | 0.62 | | High school | 5 (17%) | 4 (13%) | | | Technical or vocational school | 2 (6%) | 2 (6%) | | | College and/or graduate | 21 (71%) | 21 (69%) | | | Missing | | 2 (6%) | | | Estimated income before taxes | | | | | Less than $10,000 | 5 (17%) | 7 (23%) | 0.25 | | $10,000 to $19,999 | 2 (6%) | 5 (16%) | | $20,000 to $39,999 | 8 (27%) | 2 (6%) | | $40,000 to $59,000 | 6 (20%) | 7 (23%) | | $60,000 to $100,000 | 3 (10%) | 5 (16%) | | More than $100,000 | 3 (10%) | 1 (3%) | | Missing | 3 (10%) | 4 (13%) | | Medical diagnosis related to back pain | | | | | Osteoporosis | 3 (10%) | 4 (13%) | | | Osteoarthritis | 9 (30%) | 9 (29%) | | | Scoliosis | 3 (10%) | 5 (16%) | | | Kyphosis | 1 (3%) | 0 (0%) | | | Disc herniation | 4 (14%) | 7 (23%) | | | Spinal stenosis | 6 (20%) | 13 (42%) | | | Spondylitis | 1 (3%) | 0 (0%) | | | Spondylosis | 3 (10%) | 0 (0%) | | | Current pain medication use | | | | | Yes | 13 (43%) | 14 (45%) | | | No | 17 (57%) | 17 (55%) | 0.89 |
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