Medicinal Plants Qua Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretagogue via Intestinal Nutrient Sensors

Table 1

Existing therapeutics for T2DM.

Therapeutics	Limitations	Ref.
Non-incretin-based therapeutics for T2DM
Sulfonylurea	Transiently stimulating excessive insulin secretion that causes hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and eventually results in obesity and overweight.	[16, 17]
Biguanides	Causes gastrointestinal side effects, such as diarrhea and abdominal cramping. Rarely causes lactic acidosis.	[17]
Meglitinides	Transiently stimulating excessive insulin secretion that causes hypoglycemia and results in overweight.	[17]
α-glycosidase inhibitor	Causes indigested carbohydrates in gut lumen that may result in flatulence and diarrhea.	[18]
Thiazolidinediones	Causes significant water retention that causes edema and heart failure.	[19]
Incretin-based therapeutics for T2DM
GLP-1 agonists	Inefficient to patients with severe β cell dysfunction or insulin resistance; low blood glucose reducing effect compared to the existing therapeutics; cause nausea and vomiting.	[20]
DPP-4 inhibitors	Stimulate unnecessary ductal cells that increase risk of pancreatitis; cause nausea; increase the risk of heart failure.	[21]

T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4.