Medicinal Plants Qua Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretagogue via Intestinal Nutrient Sensors

Table 2

Medicinal plants derived GLP-1 secretagogues via intestinal nutrient sensors.

Origin	Testing agents	Effects	Model	Ref.
Sweet taste receptor
Panax ginseng	Rb1	Decrease food intake, body weight, and body fat mass; decrease fasting blood glucose; decrease blood glucose during the IPGTT; increase plasma insulin	HFD obese rats	[22]
		GLP-1 secretion	Human L cell line	[23]
	Rb2	GLP-1 secretion	Human L cell line	[23]
	Re	Reduces fasting blood glucose	ob/ob mice	[24]
	Rg3	Insulin secretion; Decrease blood glucose during the OGTT	Rodent β cell line; ICR mice	[25]
Bitter taste receptor
Plasmodium falciparum	Quinine	GLP-1 secretion	Human L cell line	[26]
Anemarrhena asphodeloides	EA fr.	GLP-1 secretion	Human L cell line	[27]
Bupleurum falcatum	HX fr.	GLP-1 secretion; Decrease blood glucose during the OGTT	Human L cell line; db/db mice	[28]
Citrus aurantium	HX fr.	GLP-1 secretion	Human L cell line	[29]
Gentiana scabra	Extract; Loganic acid	GLP-1 secretion	Human L cell line	[30]
	Extract	Increase plasma GLP-1 and plasma insulin; decrease blood glucose during the OGTT	db/db mice
Cannabinoid receptor
Hoodia extract	Extract; Gordonoside F	Decreases blood glucose during the OGTT; increases plasma GLP-1 and insulin; decreases cumulative food intake	C57BL/6 mice	[31]
		Glucose stimulated insulin secretion	Isolated rat islets
Bile acid receptor
Panax ginseng	Compound K	GLP-1 secretion	Human L cell line	[32]

HFD, high-fat diet; IPGTT, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; EA fr., ethyl acetate fraction; HX fr., n-hexane fraction.