Propolis: A Complex Natural Product with a Plethora of Biological Activities That Can Be Explored for Drug Development

Table 5

Antiviral activity of propolis and its chemical constituents.

Origin	Propolis type/plant source	Type of extract/isolated compound(s)	Species/cells/viruses	Effect	References
Purchased: Sigma Aldrich Co.	Characteristic of European type propolis	Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, benzoic acid, galangin, pinocembrin, and chrysin	RC-37 cells, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain KOS	High anti-HSV-1 activity for both extracts when cells were treated prior to viral infection	[123]
Czech Republic	European propolis/Populus nigra	PEE and PWE	RC-37 cells, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)	High antiherpetic activity for both extracts when viruses were pretreated prior to infection	[196]
Brazil	Brown propolis/B. dracunculifolia	HPE	HSV-2 strain propagated in Vero cells, female BALB/c mice	Effective against HSV-2 infection and in reducing extravaginal lesions by acting on inflammatory and oxidative processes; reducing reactive species, tyrosine nitration, ascorbic acid levels, and myeloperoxidase activity and protecting against inhibition of catalase activity	[124]
	Characteristic of Brazilian propolis	Isopentyl ferulate (isolated from an PEE)	Influenza viruses A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), A/Krasnodar/101/59 (H2N2), and A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2)	Suppression of influenza virus A/Hong Kong reproduction in vitro	[121]
	Green propolis/B. dracunculifolia, B. erioclada, Myrceugenia euosma	PEE	Influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus propagated Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, female DBA/2 Cr mice	Reduction of body weight loss of infected mice and virus yields in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of lungs	[122]
France	European propolis/Populus nigra	PEE	RC-37 cells, HSV-1 strain H29S, acyclovir resistant mutant HSV1-R strain H29R, HSV-2, adenovirus type 2, poliovirus type 2, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)	Reduction of titre of herpes virus, being vesicular stomatitis virus and adenovirus less susceptible; virucidal action on the enveloped viruses HSV and VSV	[120]
Brazil	Geopropolis from the stingless bee Scaptotrigona postica	Hydromethanolic extract	African green monkey kidney cells (ATCC CCL-81); herpes simplex virus strain (McIntyre)	Inhibition of HSV replication and entry into cells	[125]
Synthesized	Characteristic of Brazilian red and green propolis	Homoisoflavonoids, specially 3-benzyl-4-chromones	BGM (Buffalo Green Monkey) cells, coxsackie viruses B3, B4, and A9 and echovirus 30	Good antiviral activity against the coxsackie viruses B3, B4, and A9 and echovirus 30	[126]
Canada	European propolis/P. trichocarpa and P. tremuloides	PEE	HSV-1 and HSV-2 virus replicated in MDBK (monolayer cultures of Madin-Darby bovine kidney) cells	Impairing the ability of the virus to adsorb or to penetrate the host cells	[197]
Brazil	Green propolis/Baccharis dracunculifolia	Water extracts	Female BALB/c mice, Influenza A virus strain A/WSN/33 (H1N1)	Extension of the lifetime of mice. 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid which increases mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing and decreases H1N1 hemagglutinin mRNA	[198]
	Characteristic of Brazilian green propolis	3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (Isolated from Brazilian propolis)
Brazil	Characteristic of Brazilian green propolis	Melliferone, moronic acid, anwuweizonic acid, and betulonic acid (isolated from Brazilian propolis)	H9 lymphocytes, HIV-1	Moronic acid inhibiting anti-HIV replication	[129]
Israel	Mediterranean propolis/Populus spp., Eucalyptus spp., and Castanea sativa	PWE	Jurkat, uninfected human T-cell lines, and MT2 (HTLV-1 infected human T cells) cells	Inhibition of the activation of NF-κB-dependent promoter by Tax and prevention of Tax binding to IκBα and its degradation	[127]
Purchased: Sigma Aldrich Co.	Characteristic of European propolis	CAPE
Provided by Binzhou Animal; Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy of Shandong; Province		Nanometer propolis Flavone	Kidney cells (PK-15); Porcine parvovirus (PPV); Britain White guinea pigs	Inhibition of PPV infecting porcine kidney- (PK-) 15 cells; Restraining of PPV copy in lung, gonad, and blood, decrease of the impact of PPV on weight of guinea pigs, and increase of hemagglutination inhibition of PPV in serum as well as improving the contents of IL-2, IL-6, and -IFN	[128]
USA and China	European propolis/Populus nigra	PEE	Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from blood of healthy donors, microglial cells isolated from human fetal brain tissue, HIV-1AT, HIV-1SF162	Inhibition of HIV-1 variants expression	[119]
Brazil	Green propolis/Baccharis dracunculifolia