|
| Origin | Propolis type/plant source | Type of extract/isolated compound(s) | Species/cells | Effect/stimulus | References |
|
| Brazil | Green propolis/B. dracunculifolia | PEE | C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, and C. guilliermondii; adult volunteer patients showing symptoms of stomatitis | Inhibition of cell growth, C. albicans being the most sensitive and C. guilliermondii the most resistant; reduction of the number of Candida yeasts in the saliva | [141] |
| Green propolis/B. dracunculifolia; red propolis/D. ecastaphyllum | PEE | T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, T. mentagrophytes, and T. mentagrophytes (ATCC 9533) (control) | Both samples which decrease cell growth, red PEE being more efficient than the green one | [143] |
| Green propolis/B. dracunculifolia | PEE, PWE, matricial microparticles, and soluble dry extract | C. albicans strains SC5314 (wild type), CAI4, and 3153A (wild type), female BALB/c mice | PEE being the most potent in inhibiting cell growth followed by propolis soluble dry extract, propolis matricial microparticles, and PWE
Different gel formulations of propolis: propolis based Carbopol 940 gel (CP1%), propolis based poloxamer 407 gel with Carbopol 940 (PP1%), propolis alginate with pectin (AlP1%), and propolis based chitosan gel with Natrosol (ChP1%); CP1% and chitosan gels being the most pseudoplastic ones; propolis based gels presenting antifungal action similar to clotrimazole cream | [150] |
| Green propolis/B. dracunculifolia | PEE, gels, and cream obtained from the extract | C. albicans strains used were SC5314, CAI4, BWP17, DAY286, 3153A, and 529L (wild type), female BALB/c mice (murine model of vulvovaginal candidiasis) | Induction of cell death in C. albicans mediated via metacaspase and RAS pathway
Inhibition of all three C. albicans morphogenetic types, several mutants in genes involved either in the morphological transitions or in the maintenance of a specific morphotype which are more sensitive to propolis
Propolis based gels and cream which were partially able to control vulvovaginal candidiasis | [151] |
| Green propolis/B. dracunculifolia | PEE | C. albicans (ATCC 90028), 29 C. albicans isolates from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis | Inhibiting biofilm formation by C. albicans from vulvovaginal candidiasis | [149] |
| Red propolis/D. ecastaphyllum | n-Hexane extract | 5 C. parapsilosis (RL01, RL07, RL11, RL13, and RL27), 5 C. glabrata (RL03, RL09, RL12, RL34, and RL37), C. tropicalis 72A, and C. krusei (ATCC 6258) | Active against fluconazole resistant Candida spp. | [148] |
|
| France | European propolis/Populus nigra | PEE, PWE, methanolic extract, and dichloromethane extract | C. albicans (ATCC 66396), C. glabrata (LMA 90–1085), and A. fumigates (CBS 11326) | Antifungal activity against C. albicans and C. glabrata but only having a weak activity towards A. fumigates | [133] |
|
| Brazil | Green propolis/B. dracunculifolia | PEE | P. brasiliensis, peritoneal macrophages obtained from male BALB/c mice | Increase of fungicidal activity of macrophages against P. brasiliensis |
[142] |
| Bulgaria | Mediterranean propolis/Populus spp. |
|
| Czech Republic | European propolis/Populus nigra | Dimethyl sulfoxide extract | C. albicans, A. fumigatus, M. gypseum, and M. canis | Affecting the growth of the tested bacteria in different ways by different concentrations | [201] |
|
| Portugal (Bragança and Leiria) | European propolis/Populus nigra | PEE | C. albicans, T. rubrum, and A. fumigatus | Plant extracts not exhibiting relevant antifungal activity, but in general both propolis samples affecting the fungal growth | [140] |
|
| Poland | European propolis/Populus nigra and some species of Betula alba, Alnus glutinosa, Aesculus hippocastanum, and Fagus sylvatica | PEE | 20 isolated C. albicans, 14 isolated C. glabrata, and 10 C. krusei | Inhibition of fungal growth | [147] |
|
| Iran | European propolis/Poplar spp., Ferula ovina | PEE | C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. kefyr, C. krusei, M. globosa, M. slooffiae, and M. pachydermatis, all obtained from patients with clinical features of onychomycosis | Decrease of Candida and Malassezia strains growth, isolated from onychomycosis, even in the fluconazole-resistant strains | [205] |
|
| Brazil | Green propolis/B. dracunculifolia | PEE and propolis microparticles | 89 yeast strains from vaginal exudates of the vulvovaginal candidiasis patients: 58 C. albicans and 17 C. glabrata, 1 C. tropicalis, 8 C. guilliermondii, and 5 C. parapsilosis | Inhibition of all yeasts growth by ethanol extract and propolis microparticles, with small variation, independent of the species of yeast | [144] |
| Argentina | Tropical region propolis/Salix humboldtiana, Pinus spp., Eucalyptus spp., and Populus spp. | PEE | Xylophagous (G. applanatum, L. elegans, P. sanguineus, and S. commune) and phytopathogenic (A. niger,Fusarium sp., Macrophomina sp., P. notatum, and Rhodotorula spp.) | Inhibition of fungal growth | [146] |
| Spain (Basque Country) | European propolis/Populus nigra | PEE and propylene glycol extracts | C. albicans (CECT 1394), S. cerevisiae (CECT 1383) | Inhibition of fungal growth | [145] |
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