|
| Target pathway | Inducer(s) | Extracts/components | Dose/route/regimen | Animals or cells | Histological and biochemical evaluation | References |
|
| Neurotransmission | PTZ | EFME of GE rhizome | 500 mg/kg, p.o., for 10 days | SD rats | Recovery of brain GABA contents | [30] |
|
| Neurotransmission | Stroking of the back | Gastrodin | 60 mg/kg, p.o., for 1 week | Mongolian gerbils | Decreased GABA-T immunoreactivity
Decreased SSADH, SSAR immunoreactivity | [57] |
|
| Neurotransmission | Cocaine | GE rhizome—methanol extract | 500 or 1000 mg/kg, p.o., 5 times every 12 h before cocaine treatment | C57BL/6J mice | Attenuation of cocaine-induced seizure via , but not receptor activation | [29] |
|
| Neurotransmission | Pentobarbital | GE rhizome—ethanol extract | 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, p.o., 1 h before pentobarbital injection | ICR mice, primary culture of cerebellar granule cells | Prolonged total sleep time
Reduced sleep latency
Increased GAD and receptor subtype expression | [58] |
|
| Neurotransmission and antioxidation | Transient global ischemia | Vanillin,
4-HBAL, and
4-HBA | 40 mg/kg, s.c., 30 min before and 30 min, 3, 6, 9, and 24 h after ischemia
0.016, 0.08, 0.4, 2, and 10 μM, for 2 h | Mongolian gerbils, PC12 cells | Downregulated 8-OHdG immunoreactivity
Increased GABA-T in the early stage after ischemia
Antioxidant activity on lipid peroxidation | [38] |
|
| Antioxidation | Glutamate | Gastrodin | 0.1, 1, and 10 μM | PC12 cells | Inhibited ROS production
Inhibited MDA, MMP, and SOD levels
Blocked glutamate-induced influx
Blocked CaMKII, ASK-1, and phosphorylation of MAPK | [59] |
|
| Antioxidation | MPP+ | Gastrodin | 1, 5, and 25 μM, 4 h prior to MPP+ exposure | SH-SY5Y cells | Decreased ROS production
Induced HO-1 expression through p38 MAPK/Nrf2 signaling pathway | [54] |
|
| Antioxidation | MPP+ | GE rhizome—ethanol extract | 10, 100, and 200 μg/mL, 4 h prior to MPP+ exposure | SH-SY5Y cells | Inhibited ROS production
Inhibited Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cleaved caspase-3, and PARP proteolysis | [53] |
|
| Antioxidation | MPP+ | GE rhizome—ethanol extract Vanillyl alcohol | 10, 100, and 200 μg/mL
1, 10, and 100 μM | MN9D cells | Inhibited ROS production
Inhibited Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cleaved caspase-3, and PARP proteolysis | [55] |
|
| Antioxidation | Aβ (25–35) | GE rhizome—aqueous extract | 20 μM, for 48 h | PC12 cells | Decreased ROS production
Upregulated enzymatic activities of catalase, SOD, and glutathione peroxidase | [60] |
|
| Antioxidation | MCAO | GE rhizome—aqueous extract
4-HBA | 500 mg/kg, i.p.
25 mg/kg, i.p., 3 days prior to MCAO | SD rats | Increased levels of genes related to antioxidant system (protein disulfide isomerase and 1-Cys peroxiredoxin) | [61] |
|
| Anti-inflammation | CUS | Gastrodin | 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, i.p., for 14 days
5, 10, 20, and 50 μg/mL | SD rats
Primary hippocampal cells | Upregulated neural stem cell proliferation
Reduced NF-κB and IL-1β | [62] |
|
| Anti-inflammation | LPS | Gastrodin | 30, 40, and 60 μM, 1 h prior to LPS exposure | BV-2 cells | Decreased levels of proinflammatory enzymes (iNOS, COX-2) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β)
Reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK, and CREB | [63] |
|
| Anti-inflammation | Rotenone | Gastrodin | 0.2 g/kg, p.o. | Wistar rats | Suppressed microglial activation
Reduced IL-1β expression | [64] |
|
| Anti-inflammation | KA | GE rhizome—ethanol extract | 0.5, 1 g/kg, p.o., 30 min prior to KA injection | SD rats | Decreased microglial activation (ED1)
Reduced nNOS activation | [65] |
|
| Anti-inflammation and antioxidation | LPS | GE rhizome—ethanol extract | 0.25, 0.5, and 1 μg/mL, for 24 h | RAW264.7 cells | Inhibited NO production
Reduced iNOS and COX-2 expression | [66] |
|
| Anti-inflammation and antioxidation | LPS | GE rhizome—ethanol extract
4-HBA | 1, 10, and 100 μg/mL
50, 100, and 200 nM | BV-2 cells | Inhibited JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways
Inhibited NO and iNOS | [18] |
|
