A Metabolomics Approach to Stratify Patients Diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus into Excess or Deficiency Syndromes
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of excess and deficiency syndromes in patients with DM (mean ± SD).
Patients with DM ()
Total
Excess
Deficiency
Gender (, male/female)
295 (107/188)
57 (23/34)
238 (84/154)
0.476
Age (year)
70.69 ± 8.86
67.11 ± 9.49
71.55 ± 8.50
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
25.29 ± 2.90
24.57 ± 2.44
25.46 ± 2.98
0.037
Waist circumference (cm)
90.79 ± 7.92
89.49 ± 6.94
91.1 ± 8.13
0.170
Hip circumference (cm)
101.01 ± 7.39
99.38 ± 6.34
101.41 ± 7.58
0.063
Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)
0.90 ± 0.06
0.90 ± 0.05
0.90 ± 0.06
0.795
SBP (mmHg)
138.11 ± 14.66
136.53 ± 14.40
138.49 ± 14.73
0.365
DBP (mmHg)
78.41 ± 9.47
79.72 ± 9.62
78.1 ± 9.43
0.247
Obesity (BMI ≥ 25)
51.8% (153/142)
45.6% (26/31)
53.4% (127/111)
0.293
Fatty liver disease
74.9% (221/74)
66.7% (38/19)
76.9% (183/55)
0.045
Hypertension
91.5% (270/25)
87.7% (50/7)
92.4% (220/18)
0.251
Hyperlipidemia
41.0% (121/182)
42.1% (24/33)
39.9% (95/143)
0.762
Coronary heart disease
23.3% (69/226)
29.8% (17/40)
21.8% (52/186)
0.201
Cerebrovascular accident
0.07% (20/275)
0.07% (4/53)
0.07% (16/222)
0.937
Hyperuricemia
0.07% (22/273)
0.07% (4/53)
0.08% (18/220)
0.888
FPG (mmol/L)
7.60 ± 2.12
7.84 ± 2.36
7.55 ± 2.06
0.355
2 h PG (mmol/L)
11.37 ± 3.69
11.51 ± 3.52
11.33 ± 3.74
0.742
TG (mmol/L)
1.55 ± 0.93
1.51 ± 0.84
1.57 ± 0.96
0.675
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
1.33 ± 0.36
1.29 ± 0.25
1.34 ± 0.38
0.322
ALT (U/L)
25.26 ± 13.19
26.97 ± 13.84
24.85 ± 13.02
0.276
VLDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
2.57 ± 0.56
2.58 ± 0.59
2.57 ± 0.55
0.935
value refers to the comparison between excess versus deficiency syndromes within the DM group using independent samples -test for continuous variables and Pearson chi-square tests for categorical variable with the SPSS 17.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA). values < 0.05 were considered significant.
