Research Article
Eight Weeks of Cosmos caudatus (Ulam Raja) Supplementation Improves Glycemic Status in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the study participants.
| | | Diabetic-ulam group () | Diabetic controls () | value |
| | Age (years) | 48.4 ± 9.1 | 50.9 ± 9.1 | 0.213 | | Gender: male (%) | 19 (50) | 24 (61.5) | 0.308 | | Gender: female | 19 (50) | 15 (38.5) | 0.308 | | Duration of diabetes (years) | 6.2 ± 4.6 | 7.7 ± 6.6 | 0.248 | | T2DM treatment | | | 0.350 | | Metformin | 26 (68.4) | 23 (59) | | | Metformin + SU | 11 (28.9) | 16 (41) | | | Metformin + acarbose | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0) | | | History of hypertension | 23 (60.5) | 30 (76.9) | 0.120 | | History of dyslipidemia | 23 (60.5) | 24 (61.5) | 0.927 | | Weight (kg) | 77.79 ± 13.58 | 82.52 ± 10.72 | 0.144 | | BMI (kg/m2) | 29.14 ± 4.94 | 30.41 ± 4.37 | 0.233 | | Waist circumference (cm) | 98.12 ± 12.82 | 102.45 ± 11.14 | 0.117 | | FBG (mmol/L) | 9.66 ± 3.20 | 8.44 ± 2.68 | 0.073 | | HbA1C (%) | 8.81 ± 1.71 | 8.78 ± 1.40 | 0.942 | | Serum insulin (U/mL) | 10.67 ± 7.42 | 12.73 ± 6.77 | 0.208 | | HOMA-IR | 4.46 ± 3.39 | 3.94 ± 3.67 | 0.722 | | QUICKI | 0.53 ± 0.08 | 0.52 ± 0.07 | 0.459 | | hs-CRP (mg/L) | 4.48 ± 3.16 | 4.03 ± 3.14 | 0.591 | | TC (mmol/L) | 5.04 ± 1.23 | 4.91 ± 1.39 | 0.680 | | TG (mmol/L) | 2.26 ± 1.97 | 1.94 ± 0.91 | 0.370 | | HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.40 ± 0.31 | 1.45 ± 0.30 | 0.437 | | LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.82 ± 0.86 | 2.62 ± 1.19 | 0.421 |
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T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus, SU: sulphonylurea, BMI: body mass index, FBG: fasting blood glucose, HbA1C: glycated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, QUICKI: quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, TC: total cholesterol, TG: triglycerides, HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and LDL-c: low density lipoprotein cholesterol.
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