Eight Weeks of Cosmos caudatus (Ulam Raja) Supplementation Improves Glycemic Status in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 2

Mean changes in biochemical parameters.

Parameters		Group		value
		Diabetic-ulam ()	Diabetic controls ()
		Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
HbA1C (%)	Baseline	8.81 ± 1.71	8.78 ± 1.40	0.942
	Week 8	8.05 ± 1.67	8.41 ± 1.40	0.302
Serum insulin (U/mL)	Baseline	10.67 ± 7.42	12.73 ± 6.77	0.208
	Week 4	9.37 ± 6.26	14.66 ± 7.36	0.002
	Week 8	9.52 ± 5.73	16.64 ± 8.04	0.001
HOMA	Baseline	4.46 ± 3.39	3.94 ± 3.67	0.722
	Week 4	3.58 ± 2.90	5.44 ± 3.23	0.014
	Week 8	3.56 ± 1.94	6.28 ± 3.71	0.001
QUICKI	Baseline	0.53 ± 0.08	0.52 ± 0.07	0.459
	Week 4	0.56 ± 0.09	0.50 ± 0.05	0.001
	Week 8	0.58 ± 0.11	0.49 ± 0.07	0.001
hs-CRP (mg/L)	Baseline	4.48 ± 3.16	4.03 ± 3.14	0.591
	Week 4	3.09 ± 3.04	3.65 ± 3.21	0.431
	Week 8	2.95 ± 2.68	3.79 ± 2.80	0.182
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	Baseline	5.04 ± 1.23	4.91 ± 1.39	0.680
	Week 4	4.78 ± 1.15	4.59 ± 1.15	0.479
	Week 8	5.04 ± 1.18	4.69 ± 1.30	0.228
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	Baseline	2.26 ± 1.97	1.94 ± 0.91	0.370
	Week 4	2.01 ± 1.27	1.78 ± 0.90	0.371
	Week 8	1.97 ± 1.41	1.72 ± 0.64	0.303
HDL-c (mmol/L)	Baseline	1.40 ± 0.31	1.45 ± 0.30	0.437
	Week 4	1.37 ± 0.29	1.44 ± 0.29	0.374
	Week 8	1.46 ± 0.31	1.40 ± 0.26	0.397
LDL-c (mmol/L)	Baseline	2.82 ± 0.86	2.62 ± 1.19	0.421
	Week 4	2.54 ± 0.87	2.51 ± 1.03	0.875
	Week 8	2.49 ± 0.99	2.56 ± 1.10	0.771
AST (U/L)	Baseline	25.71 ± 13.99	25.44 ± 12.34	0.927
	Week 4	23.66 ± 9.90	26.72 ± 13.72	0.266
	Week 8	23.63 ± 10.92	25.62 ± 11.81	0.447
ALT (U/L)	Baseline	33.32 ± 21.18	31.82 ± 19.81	0.773
	Week 4	29.84 ± 18.63	34.41 ± 22.48	0.335
	Week 8	30.97 ± 19.91	33.51 ± 18.39	0.563
Urea (mmol/L)	Baseline	4.95 ± 1.49	4.71 ± 2.09	0.562
	Week 4	4.50 ± 1.42	4.52 ± 2.02	0.975
	Week 8	4.90 ± 1.61	4.38 ± 1.68	0.168
Creatinine (mol/L)	Baseline	85.42 ± 21.08	91.18 ± 22.62	0.252
	Week 4	84.53 ± 20.92	88.20 ± 23.28	0.469
	Week 8	84.53 ± 22.34	87.99 ± 21.86	0.494

,  , and  .
SD: standard deviation, HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c: low density lipoprotein cholesterol, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, and ALT: alanine aminotransferase.