Research Article

Molecular Signatures in the Prevention of Radiation Damage by the Synergistic Effect of N-Acetyl Cysteine and Qingre Liyan Decoction, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, Using a 3-Dimensional Cell Culture Model of Oral Mucositis

Table 1

Genes pertaining to Nrf2 and NFκB pathways, cytokines, and inflammatory response that are upregulated or downregulated in NAC, QYD, or NAC-QYD pretreated human 3D-cultured oral tissues after 12 Gy irradiation.

Gene symbol Fold change compared with nonirradiated and untreated control )Entrez gene Gene description
UntreatedNACTCMNAC : TCM

HMOX1 1.121.021.074.80*3162Heme oxygenase (decycling) 1
MT1E 0.76*0.61*0.36*15.70*4493Metallothionein 1E
MT2A 1.220.790.74*10.41*4502Metallothionein 2A
G6PD 1.241.201.83*2.81*2539Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
NQO2 1.151.321.35*1.58*4835NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase, quinone 2
TXNRD1 0.43*0.853.07*3.14*7296Thioredoxin reductase 1
UGT1A10 1.021.232.25*1.59*54659UDP Glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A10
MT1IP 1.551.70*1.1112.99*644314Metallothionein 1IP (pseudogene)
MT1X 1.82*1.84*1.51*10.50*4501Metallothionein 1X
GADD45G 1.131.071.01 1.53*10912Growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gamma
RAD9A 0.981.111.292.06*5883RAD9 homolog A
XPC 1.181.47*1.57*1.39*7508Xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group C
XRCC1 1.011.50*1.46*1.38*7515X-ray repair complementing defective Repair in Chinese hamster cells 1
JUND 1.81*1.87*2.43*5.02*3727Jun D protooncogene
SIRT1 0.69*0.76*1.03 0.8723411Sirtuin (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog) 1 (S. cerevisiae)
PPARD 0.860.830.50* 1.85*5467Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta
RELA 1.271.041.54*1.86*5970v-Rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian)
RELB 1.1361.041.262.30*5971v-Rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog B
NFKB2 1.101.101.50*2.12*4791Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2 (p49/p100)
TNFA1P3 0.76*0.68*0.911.25*7128Tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3
NFKBIA 0.830.961.011.25*4792Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha
CXCL1 1.72*0.54*0.29*0.27*2919Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha)
CXCL2/CXCL3 2.13*0.910.55*0.54*2920∣2921Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3
CXCL6 1.221.040.65*0.69*6372Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6 (granulocyte chemotactic protein 2)
CXCL14 0.911.170.67*0.51*9547Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14
CCL18 0.961.030.730.38*6362Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (pulmonary and activation-regulated)
CCL20 1.170.42*0.42*0.49*6364Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20
FADD 0.990.75*0.970.70*8772Fas- (TNFRSF6-) associated via the death domain
CASP1 0.780.54*0.44*0.44*834Caspase 1, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (interleukin-1, beta, convertase)
CASP8 0.810.53*0.58*0.59*841Caspase 8, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase
CASP10 0.971.081.030.70*843Caspase 10, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase
SP1 1.151.51*1.61*1.82*6667Sp1 transcription factor
STAT3 0.921.31*1.221.32*6774Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (acute-phase response factor)
CEBPB 1.5*1.031.252.22*1051CCAAT/enhancer binding protein, beta
EGFR 0.74*0.951.071.48*1956Epidermal growth factor receptor (erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-erb-b) oncogene homolog, avian)
IL1B 0.960.782.93*1.25*3553Interleukin-1, beta
IL1R1 0.910.981.44*1.54*3554Interleukin-1 receptor, type I
TNFS10 0.930.890.62*0.46*8743Tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10
IRZAK1BP1 1.010.860.68*0.52*134728Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 binding protein 1
IRAK2 0.91.021.181.73*3656Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 2
MYD88 0.65*0.820.76*1.104615Myeloid differentiation primary response gene (88)
CHUK 0.72*0.74*0.9390.891147Conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase
NFKBIE 0.960.850.881.59*4794Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, epsilon
NFKBIB 0.77*1.25*1.33*1.084793Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, beta
BCL2L10 1.471.701.090.5710017BCL2-like 10 (apoptosis facilitator)
JUNB 1.100.871.261.65*3726Jun B protooncogene
CDKN1A 1.161.61*1.60*2.42*1026Cyclin-dependent kinase 1A (p21, Cip1)

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