High-Energy Extracorporeal Shock Wave for Early Stage Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: A Single-Center Case Series

Table 3

The clinical outcome before and after shock wave treatment.

	Before ESWT	After ESWT	value (II)
VAS
LPFH group; ( hips)	4.5 ± 2.4	0.9 ± 1.3	<0.001
Non-LPFH group; ( hips)	7.8 ± 3.6	1.2 ± 1.4	<0.001
value (I)	0.006	0.523
HHS
LPFH group; ( hips)	83.2 ± 11.3	93.8 ± 10.4	0.021
Non-LPFH group; ( hips)	62.9 ± 12.8	88.9 ± 13.5	<0.001
value (I)	0.012	0.218
	LPFH group; ( hips)	non-LPFH group; ( hips)
Clinical outcome
Improved	86.2% (324/376)	78.3% (119/152)	0.037
Unchanged	13.3% (50/376)	12.5% (19/152)	0.109
Worsened	0.5% (2/376)	9.2% (14/152)	<0.001
value (III)	<0.001

Note: ESWT: extracorporeal shockwave therapy; VAS: visual analogue scale; HHS: Harris hip score.
value (I): comparison of data between LPFH group and non-LPFH group for pain score and Harris hip score.
value (II): comparison of data before and after ESWT within the same group.
value (III): comparison of data between LPFH group and non-LPFH group for clinical outcome.
Clinical outcome [17]: “improved” was defined when there were significant improvements in pain and function of the affected hip after treatment; “unchanged” was defined when there were very little or no changes after treatment; “worsened” was defined when more pain and less function were noted after treatment.