Partially Automated Method for Localizing Standardized Acupuncture Points on the Heads of Digital Human Models
Table 3
Descriptions of the locations of the anatomical acupuncture points and landmarks. These landmarks are additionally positioned for localization of the acupoints.
Acupoints/landmarks
Surface models
Description of the position for the landmark
GV15
Bone
In the depression superior to the spinous process of the second cervical vertebra (C2) on the posterior median line
GV16
Bone
Directly inferior to the external occipital protuberance
GV17
Bone
External occipital protuberance
GV25
Skin
Tip of the nose
GV26
Skin
Midpoint of the philtrum midline
GV27
Skin
Midpoint of the tubercle of the upper lip
GB1
Skin and bone
Outer canthus of the eye
GB2
Bone
Depression between the intertragic notch and the condylar process of the mandible
GB3
Bone
Depression superior to the midpoint of the zygomatic arch
GB7
Skin
Junction of the vertical line of the posterior border of the temple hairline and the horizontal line of the apex of the auricle
GB8
Skin
Directly superior to the auricular apex
GB9
Skin
Directly superior to the posterior border of the auricular root
GB12
Bone
Depression posteroinferior to the mastoid process
GB20
Bone
Inferior to the occipital bone, in the depression between the origins of the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles
ST1
Skin and bone
Between the eyeball and the infraorbital margin, directly inferior to the pupil
ST2
Bone
In the infraorbital foramen
ST3
Skin
Directly inferior to the pupil, at the same level as the inferior border of the ala of the nose
ST4
Skin
The angle of the mouth
ST5
Bone
Anterior to the angle of the mandible, in the depression anterior to the masseter attachment
ST6
Bone
Angle of the mandible
ST7
Bone
Depression between the midpoint of the inferior border of the zygomatic arch and the mandibular notch
TE17
Skin
Posterior to the ear lobe, in the depression anterior to the inferior end of the mastoid process
TE20
Skin
Auricular apex
TE21
Skin and bone
In the depression between the supratragic notch and the condylar process of the mandible
TE22
Skin
Anterior to the auricular root, posterior to the superficial temporal artery
TE23
Skin
In the depression at the lateral end of the eyebrow (it is superior to GB1)
BL1
Skin and bone
In the depression between the superomedial parts of the inner canthus of the eye and the medial wall of the orbit
BL2
Skin
In the depression at the medial end of the eyebrow
CV23
Bone
In the anterior region of the neck, superior to the superior border of the thyroid cartilage, in the depression superior to the hyoid bone, on the anterior median line
CV24
Skin
In the depression in the center of the mentolabial sulcus
LI19
Skin
At the same level as the midpoint of the philtrum
LI20
Skin
In the nasolabial sulcus, at the same level as the midpoint of the lateral border of the ala of the nose
SI17
Bone
Posterior to the angle of the mandible, in the depression anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
SI18
Skin and bone
Inferior to the zygomatic bone, in the depression directly inferior to the outer canthus of the eye