Natural Compounds Modulating Mitochondrial Functions

Table 1

Direct and indirect effects of Qu, RSV, and Cur on mitochondrial ROS.

Molecule	Effects on mitochondrial ROS	Model used	Doses	Time of treatment	References
Quercetin
Direct effects	Scavenging of	Cell-free system; CHO cells	10–200 μM	Up to 24 hours	[49]
	Scavenging of H2O2	Cell-free system; CHO cells	10–200 μM	Up to 24 hours	[49]
Direct effects as prooxidant	Production of semiquinone radical and Qu-quinone, which depletes GSH	Cell-free system; CHO, U937, THP-1, HL-60, and NB4 cells	10–200 μM	Up to 24 hours	[49, 51–53]
Indirect effects on antioxidant systems	Inhibition of TrxR	Cell-free system; A549 cells	25–100 μM	24 hours	[56]
Resveratrol
Direct effects as antioxidant	Scavenging of	U937, K562, HepG2 MCF-7, NHEK cells; RAW 264.7, JB6 cells; Wistar-Kyoto rats	0–150 μM	Up to 48 hours	[65–67]
	Scavenging of ^∙OH	U937, K562 HepG2 MCF-7, NHEK cells	0–150 μM	Up to 48 hours	[65, 66]
	Scavenging of H2O2	N9 microglial cells, C6 astroglial cells	25–100 μM	0–600 secs	[64]
Indirect effects on antioxidant systems	Upregulates glutathione peroxidase and catalase	Rat coronary endothelial cells	1–100 μM	48 hours	[76]
	Upregulates MnSOD	Human coronary endothelial cells	1–10 μM	48 hours	[77]
	Activates Nrf2 mediated antioxidant response	Normal human epidermal keratinocytes	20–100 μM	16 hours	[73]
Curcumin
Direct effects as antioxidant	Scavenging of	Cell-free system; heart homogenate from Wistar rats	0–200 μM	48 hours	[81, 82]
	Scavenging of ^∙OH	Rat L-6 myoblasts	0–4 μM	30 mins	[84]
	Scavenging of H2O2	Cell-free system; Rat L-6 myoblasts	15–45 μg/mL; 0–4 μM	30 mins	[82, 84]
	Scavenging of ONOO^−				[85]
	Scavenging of NO^∙	Cell-free system; G108-15 neuroblastoma-glioma cells	1–25 μM		[86]
	Scavenging of ROO^∙	Rat L-6 myoblasts	0–4 μM	30 mins	[84]
Indirect effects on antioxidant systems	Upregulation of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and HO-1)	C6 rat glioma cells; rat cerebellar granule neurons; ECV304 human endothelial cells	0–100 μM	Up to 48 hours	[87–89]
	Replenishment of glutathione pool via upregulation of GR, GPx, and GST	Chick liver	74 mg/kg	Up to 21 days	[90]