|
Molecule | Effects on mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis | Model used | Doses tested | Time of treatment | References |
|
Quercetin | | | | | |
Direct proapoptotic effect | Loss of MMP, followed by release of cyt c | U937 cells; MDA-MB-231 cells | 0–300 μM | Up to 24 hours | [106, 108] |
Inhibition of ANT and opening of PTP, followed by release of cyt c | Isolated mitochondria from rat kidney | 0–50 μM | Up to 10 minutes | [38] |
Depletion of GSH, followed by loss of MMP and cyt c release | U937 cells, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells | 0–100 μM | Up to 24 hours | [11, 112] |
Indirect proapoptotic effects | Upregulation of Bax and Bak and downregulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL | HepG2 cells | 0–200 μM | Up to 72 hours | [108, 110] |
Activation of AMPK1/ASK1/p38 pathway through ROS increase | MCF-7 breast cancer cells; HCT116 and HT-29 cells | 0–400 μM | Up to 24 hours | [109–111] |
|
Resveratrol | | | | | |
Direct proapoptotic effects | Loss of MMP, opening of PTP, and release of cyt c | MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 cells, and HepG2 cells | 0–200 μM | Up to 48 hours | [125, 126] |
Indirect proapoptotic effects | Upregulation of p21 mediated by p53 | Neuroblastoma (SHEP, GIMEN, and LAN5), medulloblastoma (PSFK), glioblastoma (U373MG, A172), melanoma (SK-Mel, Colo38), pancreatic (MiaPaCa2), prostate (LNCaP), and breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cells | 0–100 μM | Up to 24 hours | [127] |
Downregulation of Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, and Bcl-2 | Ramos and Raji, TIB-196 and CCL-155 B cell lines | 0–200 μM | Up to 24 hours | [128, 129] |
Upregulation and oligomerization of Bax | HCT116 cells; F344 rats | 0–100 μM; 200 μg/kg body wt/day | 32 hours; three months | [131, 132] |
|
Curcumin | | | | | |
Direct proapoptotic effects | Increase of , followed by increase in mitochondrial permeability and release of cyt c | HCT-116 and HT-29 cells | 0–160 μM | Up to 72 hours | [140] |
PTP opening, followed by mitochondrial swelling and increase in permeability | Isolated mitochondria from rat liver | 0–20 μM | Up to 15 minutes | [141] |
Release of cyt c and AIF | T98G, PC3, LNCaP, MDA-MB23, Jurkat cells, and immortalized human fibroblasts | 15–25 μM | Up to 24 hours | [142, 143] |
Indirect proapoptotic effects | Upregulation of Bax via a p53-dependent pathway | MCF-7 cells | 10 μM | Up to 48 hours | [145] |
Upregulation of Bax, Bak, Bim, Bid, and Apaf-1 | HCT-116, PC3, LNCaP, MDA-MB23, Jurkat cells, immortalized human fibroblasts, and embryonic fibroblasts | 0–50 μM | Up to 72 hours | [143, 146, 147] |
Downregulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL | HepG2, U266, and MM.1 cells | 0–50 μM | Up to 16 hours | [137, 148] |
Damage of mtDNA, which impairs mitochondrial functions | HepG2, HT1080, and HEK293T cells | 0–40 μM | Up to 24 hours | [135, 136] |
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