Bufalin Induces Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptosis in Pancreatic and Oral Cancer Cells by Downregulating hTERT Expression via Activation of the JNK/p38 Pathway

Figure 1

Bufalin increases intracellular ROS production and induces cell death and apoptosis in CAPAN-2 and CAL-27 cells. (a) CAPAN-2 and CAL-27 cells were treated with bufalin at the indicated concentrations for 24 h. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. The IC₅₀ values were calculated using nonlinear regression. (b–d) CAPAN-2 and CAL-27 cells were treated with 100 nM bufalin for the indicated times. (b) Cell apoptosis determined by flow cytometry using the annexin V-FITC staining. (c) DNA damage determined by the comet assay. The comet tail length was indicative of the extent of DNA damage. (d) Intracellular ROS levels determined by flow cytometry using the DCFH-DA staining. versus control (0 h).

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