Inhibitory Effects of Chrysanthemum boreale Essential Oil on Biofilm Formation and Virulence Factor Expression of Streptococcus mutans

Figure 6

Real-time PCR analysis of mRNA expressions of several virulence factor genes. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) was cultured and treated with various concentrations of Chrysanthemum boreale (C. boreale) essential oil and real-time PCR analysis was performed as described in the Materials and Methods. gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD were significantly inhibited at 0.1–0.25 mg/mL, 0.25 mg/mL, and 0.05–0.25 mg/mL of C. boreale essential oil, respectively. In addition, gbpB, brpA, relA, and vicR expressions were significantly inhibited at 0.05–0.25 mg/mL. The expression of spaP was significantly inhibited at 0.25 mg/mL of C. boreale essential oil. Each value is expressed as a mean ± standard deviation. Significance was determined at when compared with the control.