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Attributes | Tocopherol | Tocotrienol |
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Abundance | Corn, wheat, and soybeans | Barley, oats, palm, and rice bran |
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Number of analogs | Four analogs (α, β, γ, and δ) | Four analogs (α, β, γ, and δ) |
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Presence of chromanol ring and a 15-carbon tail at the C-2 position | Yes | Yes |
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Type of hydrocarbon tail | Saturated hydrocarbon tail | Unsaturated hydrocarbon tail (three transdouble bonds present in the hydrocarbon tail) |
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Interaction of the chromanol ring with the lipid bilayer | Not very efficient | Very efficient |
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Metabolism | Through ω-hydroxylation followed by five cycles of β-oxidation | Through ω-hydroxylation followed by five cycles of β-oxidation |
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Distribution in lipid bilayer | Not in uniform | Uniformly distributed |
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Recycling efficiency |
Lower | Higher |
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Cellular uptake rate |
Lower | Higher |
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Antioxidant activity | Very high | High |
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Effect on serum level of cholesterol | Induce the serum levels of both total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol | Reduce the serum levels of lipoprotein cholesterol |
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Effect on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase | Either inhibits or stimulates | Always inhibits |
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Effect on c-Src kinase | Does not inhibit the early activation of c-Src kinase | Inhibits the early activation of c-Src kinase |
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Effect on tumor-induced angiogenesis | Does not inhibit tumor-induced angiogenesis | Inhibits tumor-induced angiogenesis |
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Effect on mobilization of progenitor cells | Mobilizes progenitor cells from bone marrow to peripheral blood | Mobilizes progenitors cells from bone marrow to peripheral blood |
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