Ancient Records and Modern Research on the Mechanisms of Chinese Herbal Medicines in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Table 2

Main mechanisms of CHM treating DM and its complications by nourishing Yin (Yang Yin) and benefiting vital energy (Yi Qi).

Latin name	Family	Extracts or; monomers	In vivo/; in vitro	Models	Effective doses/doses range	Mechanisms	Toxic effect	References
Liriope spicata Lour.	Liliaceae	Crude polysaccharide, water extract	In vivo	BABL/c mice	100, 200 mg/Kg	IIAI	NO	[23]
Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl.	Liliaceae	Polysaccharide	In vivo	KKAy mice, C57BL/6J mice	75, 300 mg/Kg	IIAI	ND	[24]
		Polysaccharide	In vivo	Ob/ob mice	300 mg/Kg	IIAI	ND	[25]
Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge	Leguminosae	Polysaccharide	In vivo	KKAy mice, C57BL/6J mice	700 mg/Kg	IIAI	ND	[26]
		Polysaccharide	In vivo	C57BL/6J mice	100, 400 mg/Kg	PIPR	ND	[27]
		Polysaccharide	In vivo	Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats	700 mg/Kg	IHSG	ND	[28]
			In vitro	C2C12 cells	0.05–0.2 mg/mL		YES, <200 µg/mL
		Astragaloside IV	In vivo	SD rats	1, 5 mg/Kg	BLIR	ND	[29]
		Calycosin	In vitro	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	0.01 µmol	BLIR	ND	[30]
Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.	Araliaceae	Malonyl ginsenosides	In vivo	Wistar rats	50, 100 mg/Kg	IIAI	ND	[31]
		Ginsenoside Rh2	In vivo	Wistar rats	1 mg/Kg	PIEI	ND	[32]
		Ginsenoside	In vitro	SD rats islet	0.1–1 mg/mL	PIEI	ND	[33]
		Aqueous extract	In vivo	Goto-Kakizaki rats, Wistar rats	200 mg/Kg	PIEI, PIPR, PRGU	ND	[34]
		Ginsenoside Re	In vivo	SD rats	20 mg/Kg	BLIR	ND	[35]
Panax pseudoginseng Wall.	Araliaceae	Panax notoginoside	In vivo	Wistar rats	100, 200 mg/Kg	COSR	ND	[36]
Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf	Polyporaceae	Crude extract	In vivo	C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice, C57BL/6J mice	50 mg/Kg	IIAI	ND	[37]
		Dehydrotumulosic acid, dehydrotrametenolic acid, pachymic acid, triterpenes			1, 5, 10 mg/Kg
Dioscorea oppositifolia L.	Dioscoreaceae	Decocted water	In vivo	Wistar rats	4 mg/Kg	IIAI	ND	[38]
		Polysaccharose	In vivo	Kun Ming mice	4.5 g/Kg	RAAR	ND	[39]
Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.	Schisandraceae	Lignan	In vivo	SD rats	200 mg/Kg	IIAI, IHSG, PRGU	ND	[40]
			In vitro	3T3-L1 adipocytes,; Min6 cells, human embryo kidney 293 cells,	0.5, 5 µg/mL
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G. H. Sung, J. M. Sung, Hywel-Jones, and Spatafora	Clavicipitaceae	Polysaccharide	In vivo	BALB/c mice, SD rats	200, 400 mg/Kg	PIEI	ND	[41]
		solid-state fermented mycelium	In vivo	KK/HIJ mice	300 mg/Kg	PIPR	ND	[42]
Cornus Officinalis Siebold; and Zucc	Cornaceae	Methanol extract	In vitro	BRIN-BD11 cells, H4IIE cells	0–25 µg/mL	PIEI, PIPR, IHSG	YES, cytotoxicity	[43]
		Proanthocyanidins	In vivo	Wistar rats	20 mg/Kg	INGA	ND	[44]
			In vitro	α-Glucosidase	1.2–2.1 µg/mL
Polygonatum odoratum; (Mill.) Druce	Liliaceae	Total flavonoids	In vivo	Kun Ming mice, SD rats	50, 100, 200 mg/Kg	PIEI	ND	[45]
		Flavonoid, saponin	In vivo	SD rats	500 mg/Kg	COSR, INGA	NO	[46]
Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.	Compositae	Atractylenolide, amino acid	In vivo	Kun Ming mice	1.8 g/Kg	RAAR	ND	[39]
Codonopsis pilosula; (Franch.) Nannf.	Campanulaceae	Saccharides, amino acid	In vivo	Kun Ming mice	4.5 g/Kg	RAAR	ND	[39]
Panax quinquefolius L.	Araliaceae	Ginsenoside	In vitro	Rat pancreatic β cell derived cell line, INS-1	5, 125, 250 µg/µL	PIPR, PIEI	ND	[47]
Rehmannia glutinosa Steud.	Scrophulariaceae	Catalpol	In vivo	Wistar rats	0.1 mg/Kg	IHSG	ND	[48]
		Catalpol	In vitro	THP-1 cells	100, 300, 500 µmol	COSR, BLIR	NO	[49]
Dendrobium moniliforme; (L.) Sw.	Punicaceae	Water extract	In vivo	NIH mice, SD rats	125, 250, 500, 1000 mg/Kg	INSG, IHSG, PIEI	ND	[50]
Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl.	Punicaceae	Polysaccharide	In vivo	BALB/c mice,	200, 500 mg/Kg	COSR	ND	[51]
			In vitro	Mouse splenocytes, Jurkat cell, MCF-7 cells	0–200 µg/mL
Ganoderma lucidum; (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst	Polyporaceae	Polysaccharides	In vivo	Albino Swiss mice	50, 100, 200 mg/Kg	PIPR, COSR	NO	[52]
			In vitro	Wistar rat islets	25–100 µg/mL

IIAI: CHM increase insulin sensitivity and ameliorate insulin resistance; PIEI: CHM promote insulin secretion and elevate serum insulin levels; INGA: CHM inhibit α-glucosidase activity; PIPR: CHM protect islet β cells and promote their regeneration; IHSG: CHM increase hepatic glycogen content and suppress gluconeogenesis; INSG: CHM inhibit the secretion of glucagon; PRGU: CHM promote the glucose uptake by adipose and muscular tissues. COSR: CHM control oxidative stress response, such as scavenging oxygen radicals, preventing lipid peroxidation, or inhibiting nitric oxide synthesis; RAAR: CHM regulate the activity of aldose reductase; BLIR: CHM block inflammatory response. NO means not toxic. ND means no data available. YES means toxic.