Ancient Records and Modern Research on the Mechanisms of Chinese Herbal Medicines in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Table 3

Main mechanisms of CHM treating DM and its complications by clearing heat (Qing Re).

Latin name	Family	Extracts or monomers	In vivo/; in vitro	Models	Effective doses/doses range	Mechanisms	Toxic effect	References
Paeonia x suffruticosa Andrews	Paeoniaceae	Paeonol	In vivo	Newborn Wistar rats	200, 400 mg/Kg	PRGU, INGA	ND	[53]
			In vitro	Intestinal brush border membrane vesicles, rat hepatoma cell line H4IIE, human skin fibroblasts cell line Hs68, mouse adipocytes 3T3-L1	0.01–1 mg/mL,
		Polysaccharide-2b	In vivo	Wistar rats	60 mg/Kg	IIAI	ND	[54]
		Paeonoside, apiopaeonoside, 6-methoxypaeoniflori-genone	In vitro	Human HepG2 cells, HUVECs	1–20 µmol	IHSG	NO	[55]
Morus alba L.	Moraceae	1-Deoxynojirimycin, polysaccharide	In vivo	ICR mice	150 mg/Kg	IHSG, PIPR	ND	[56]
Momordica charantia L.	Cucurbitaceae	Saponin fraction, lipid fraction	In vivo	Db/db mice	150 mg/Kg	IIAI	ND	[57]
		Protein extract	In vivo	Wistar rats	5, 10 mg/Kg	PIEI, PRGU	ND	[58]
			In vitro	3T3-L1 adipocytes, C2C12 cells	0.01 µg/mL
		Saponins, momordicine II, kuguaglycoside	In vitro	MIN6 β cells	0.01–0.125 µg/mL	PIEI	NO	[59]
		Ethanolic extract	In vivo	Albino Wistar rats	150, 300 mg/Kg	PIPR, IHSG, PRGU	ND	[60]
		Aqueous extract	In vivo	Albino Wistar rats	150 mg/Kg	COSR	ND	[61]
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi	Leguminosae	Puerarin	In vivo	SD rats	100, 200 mg/Kg	IIAI	ND	[62]
		Daidzein	In vivo	Kun Ming mice	2.3 g/Kg	INGA, RAAR	ND	[39]
		Puerarin	In vitro	Wistar rats islets	100 µmol	PIPR, COSR	ND	[63]
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.	Leguminosae	Hydroalcoholic extract	In vivo	C57BL/6J mice	2 g/Kg	IIAI	ND	[64]
		Trigonelline	In vivo	Wistar rats	40 mg/Kg	COSR	ND	[65]
		Fenugreek seeds powder	In vivo	Albino rats	Powder 5% in rat food	BLIR	ND	[66]
Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis	Rubiaceae	Geniposide	In vivo	C57BL/6J mice	200, 400 mg/Kg	IHSG	ND	[67]
Rheum palmatum L.		Emodin	In vivo	B6. V- Lep^ob/Lep^ob mice	25, 50 mg/Kg	PRGU	ND	[68]
			In vitro	3T3-L1 adipocytes	3 µmol/L
Acorus calamus L.	Araceae	Crude ethanol extract	In vivo	Homozygous C57BL/Ks db/db mice	100 mg/Kg	IIAI	ND	[69]
			In vitro	L6 rat skeletal muscle cells	12.5, 25 µg/mL
		Ethyl acetate fraction	In vivo	ICR mice	400, 800 mg/Kg	PIEI, INGA	ND	[70]
			In vitro	HIT-T15 cell line	0.41 µg/mL
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.	Rosaceae	Cinchonain-Ib	In vivo	Wister rats	108 mg/Kg	PIEI	ND	[71]
			In vitro	Rat insulinoma cell line, INS-1 cells	0.032 mg/mL
Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge	Liliaceae	Timosaponin, anemaran	In vivo	Kun Ming mice	1.8 g/Kg	INGA	ND	[39]
		Total saponins	In vivo	SD rats	200 mg/Kg	BLIR	ND	[72]
Lonicera japonica Thunb.	Caprifoliaceae	Chlorogenic acid, ginnol	In vivo	Kun Ming mice	2.3 g/Kg	RAAR	ND	[39]
Coptis chinensis Franch.	Ranunculaceae	Berberine chloride form	In vivo	Wistar rats,	125, 500, 250 mg/Kg,	INGA	ND	[73]
				Beagle dogs	80 mg/Kg
			In vitro	Caco-2 cells	2.5, 10, 40 mg/L
		Berberine	In vitro	SD rats ventricular myocytes	0.1–100 µmol/L	COSR	ND	[74]
		Berberine	In vivo	Wistar rats	100, 200 mg/Kg	PIPR, COSR	ND	[75]
		Berberine	In vivo	C57BLKS/J-Lepr^db/Lepr^db mice,	5 mg/Kg	IIAI	ND	[76]
				Wistar rats	380 mg/Kg
			In vitro	3T3-L1 cells, L6 cells	5 µg/mL
Potentilla discolor Bunge	Rosaceae	Flavonoids, triterpenoids	In vivo	Wistar rats	369, 501 mg/Kg	PIPR, COSR	ND	[77]
Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch.	Compositae	Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. gum	In vivo	SD rats	0.3%, 0.9%, 2.7% gum	IIAI, IHSG	ND	[78]
Sophora flavescens Aiton	Leguminosae	Oxymatrine	In vivo	Wistar rats	60, 120 mg/Kg	COSR, BLIR	ND	[79]
Punica granatum L.	Punicaceae	Methanolic extract	In vivo	Zucker diabetic fatty rats, Zucker lean rats	100–500 mg/Kg	INGA	ND	[80]
			In vitro	α-glucosidase	0.5–32 µg/mL
Arctium lappa L.	Compositae	Arctigenin	In vivo	C57BL/6J mice, B6. V-Lep^ob/Lep^ob mice	200, 25 mg/Kg	IHSG, PRGU	ND	[81]
			In vitro	L6 myotubes	0.1–3 µg/mL

IIAI: CHM increase insulin sensitivity and ameliorate insulin resistance; PIEI: CHM promote insulin secretion and elevate serum insulin levels; INGA: CHM inhibit α-glucosidase activity; PIPR: CHM protect islet β cells and promote their regeneration; IHSG: CHM increase hepatic glycogen content and suppress gluconeogenesis; INSG: CHM inhibit the secretion of glucagon; PRGU: CHM promote the glucose uptake by adipose and muscular tissues. COSR: CHM control oxidative stress response, such as scavenging oxygen radicals, preventing lipid peroxidation, or inhibiting nitric oxide synthesis; RAAR: CHM regulate the activity of aldose reductase; BLIR: CHM block inflammatory response. NO means not toxic. ND means no data available. YES means toxic.