Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine / 2015 / Article / Tab 6 / Research Article
[Retracted] The Antioxidant and Starch Hydrolase Inhibitory Activity of Ten Spices in an In Vitro Model of Digestion: Bioaccessibility of Anthocyanins and Carotenoids Table 6 Quantities of neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin,
-carotene, and
β -carotene present in the herbal extracts prior to digestion (P) as well as after gastric (G) and duodenal (D) digestion.
denotes statistically significant difference as compared with the respective values prior to
in vitro digestion. Values represent mean ± SEM of 3 ≤ independent experiments.
Spice Neoxanthin (mg/g) Violaxanthin (mg/g) Lutein (mg/g) Zeaxanthin (mg/g) -Carotene (mg/g)β -Carotene (mg/g)P G D P G D P G D P G D P G D P G D Cloves 0.78 ± 0.05 0.75 ± 0.06 0.77 ± 0.02 1.10 ± 0.08 1.11 ± 0.09 1.15 ± 0.08 1.15 ± 0.09 1.12 ± 0.05 1.13 ± 0.02 0.95 ± 0.08 0.96 ± 0.08 0.97 ± 0.08 1.28 ± 0.01 1.29 ± 0.02 1.29 ± 0.02 1.28 ± 0.01 1.25 ± 0.02 1.26 ± 0.02 Curry leaves 0.62 ± 0.05 0.65 ± 0.04 0.66 ± 0.03 0.87 ± 0.02 0.88 ± 0.03 0.89 ± 0.05 0.79 ± 0.02 0.78 ± 0.03 0.79 ± 0.02 1.18 ± 0.02 1.17 ± 0.03 1.15 ± 0.06 0.84 ± 0.02 0.84 ± 0.02 0.85 ± 0.01 0.79 ± 0.05 0.80 ± 0.04 0.81 ± 0.02 Sweet cumin 0.79 ± 0.01 0.81 ± 0.02 0.80 ± 0.01 1.08 ± 0.09 1.09 ± 0.02 1.09 ± 0.02 0.88 ± 0.02 0.87 ± 0.01 0.87 ± 0.01 0.88 ± 0.06 0.87 ± 0.05 0.88 ± 0.06 1.05 ± 0.06 1.05 ± 0.03 1.04 ± 0.06 0.95 ± 0.06 0.95 ± 0.05 0.95 ± 0.04 Cumin seeds 1.10 ± 0.03 1.12 ± 0.01 1.12 ± 0.02 0.55 ± 0.01 0.56 ± 0.02 0.56 ± 0.01 0.62 ± 0.01 0.63 ± 0.01 0.63 ± 0.01 0.58 ± 0.02 0.56 ± 0.01 0.55 ± 0.02 0.49 ± 0.01 0.48 ± 0.01 0.48 ± 0.01 0.64 ± 0.09 0.66 ± 0.05 0.65 ± 0.01 Coriander 0.65 ± 0.01 0.69 ± 0.04 0.69 ± 0.04 0.75 ± 0.01 0.76 ± 0.02 0.76 ± 0.01 0.85 ± 0.02 0.86 ± 0.01 0.86 ± 0.01 0.69 ± 0.01 0.70 ± 0.02 0.70 ± 0.02 0.65 ± 0.01 0.66 ± 0.02 0.66 ± 0.01 0.59 ± 0.03 0.59 ± 0.01 0.59 ± 0.01 Mustard 0.84 ± 0.03 0.85 ± 0.01 0.85 ± 0.01 0.71 ± 0.02 0.70 ± 0.02 0.70 ± 0.02 0.66 ± 0.01 0.66 ± 0.01 0.66 ± 0.01 0.59 ± 0.01 0.59 ± 0.01 0.58 ± 0.02 0.61 ± 0.02 0.61 ± 0.02 0.61 ± 0.02 0.63 ± 0.09 0.65 ± 0.01 0.65 ± 0.02 Fenugreek 0.45 ± 0.01 0.46 ± 0.01 0.46 ± 0.01 0.58 ± 0.02 0.58 ± 0.01 0.58 ± 0.01 0.62 ± 0.01 0.62 ± 0.02 0.62 ± 0.02 0.39 ± 0.02 0.40 ± 0.01 0.40 ± 0.01 0.49 ± 0.01 0.48 ± 0.01 0.48 ± 0.01 0.61 ± 0.02 0.62 ± 0.02 0.62 ± 0.02 Star anise 0.39 ± 0.03 0.39 ± 0.02 0.40 ± 0.02 0.88 ± 0.03 0.85 ± 0.04 0.86 ± 0.05 0.90 ± 0.02 0.91 ± 0.01 0.90 ± 0.04 0.62 ± 0.03 0.61 ± 0.09 0.61 ± 0.08 0.69 ± 0.08 0.70 ± 0.07 0.71 ± 0.06 0.61 ± 0.03 0.61 ± 0.02 0.61 ± 0.01 Cardamom 0.35 ± 0.02 0.36 ± 0.02 0.36 ± 0.01 0.54 ± 0.02 0.55 ± 0.01 0.55 ± 0.01 0.62 ± 0.04 0.65 ± 0.02 0.69 ± 0.05 0.71 ± 0.02 0.71 ± 0.02 0.71 ± 0.02 0.69 ± 0.01 0.69 ± 0.01 0.69 ± 0.01 0.53 ± 0.04 0.53 ± 0.04 0.53 ± 0.02 Nutmeg 0.39 ± 0.01 0.41 ± 0.02 0.41 ± 0.02 0.51 ± 0.03 0.55 ± 0.01 0.55 ± 0.01 0.49 ± 0.01 0.48 ± 0.02 0.48 ± 0.01 0.66 ± 0.02 0.66 ± 0.01 0.65 ± 0.01 0.71 ± 0.02 0.71 ± 0.02 0.72 ± 0.02 0.31 ± 0.05 0.31 ± 0.05 0.30 ± 0.01