Involvement of Cholinergic and Opioid System in γ-Terpinene-Mediated Antinociception

Figure 3

Effect of the γ-TPN administered orally (a), intrathecally (b), intracerebroventricularly (c), or intraplantarly (d) against licking induced by intraplantar injection of glutamate (20 μmol/paw) in mice. Each column represents the mean of 6–8 animals and the error bars indicate the S.E.M. Control values (c) indicate the animals injected with saline and the asterisks denote the significance levels , , and when compared with control group values (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)