Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of the Essential Oils from Thymbra capitata and Thymus Species Grown in Portugal

Table 2

Percentage composition of the essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of Thymbra (Tc) and Thymus (Th) Portuguese species evaluated. Samples arranged according to the degree of correlation obtained after agglomerative cluster analysis based on the essential oils’ chemical composition. For abbreviations and cluster analysis see Table 1 and Figure 1, respectively.

Components	RI	I								II
		Ia			Ib	Ic		Id
		Tc	Thc_F	Thc_P	Thp_SN	Thc_T	Thm_VC	Thc_G	Thc_PC	Thvl_O
Tricyclene	921				0.1	t	t	0.1	0.1	0.1
α-Thujene	924	1.0	1.7	2.7	1.1	1.9	0.7	2.3	1.6	0.1
α-Pinene	930	1.0	0.7	0.9	1.4	0.6	2.4	1.8	0.9	0.7
Camphene	938	0.1	0.1	0.1	2.2	0.1	0.7	2.1	0.9	0.5
Thuja-2,4(10)-diene	940		0.1	0.1		0.1	t	t
Sabinene	958		0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	1.3	3.6	0.8	0.2
1-Octen-3-ol	961	0.4	t	t	0.4	t		0.4	0.3	t
3-Octanone	961				1.9
β-Pinene	963	0.1	0.2	0.3		0.2	3.1	0.3	0.6	0.5
Dehydro-1,8-cineole	973		t			t	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2
2-Pentyl furan	973		t			t		0.1	0.1
3-Octanol	974	t			1.0	t	t	1.1	0.5	0.4
β-Myrcene	975	2.5			1.0	t	1.5	1.1	1.5	1.1
α-Phellandrene	995	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.1	0.2
δ-3-Carene	1000	0.1	0.1	0.1	t	0.1	t	0.1	0.1
α-Terpinene	1002	1.8	0.6	0.8	1.0	1.3	0.8	1.6	0.6	0.1
p-Cymene	1003	8.8	5.8	7.3	6.4	13.5	9.7	12.2	10.4	3.0
1,8-Cineole	1005				1.5		47.4			6.3
β-Phellandrene	1005	0.4	0.2	0.3		0.2		0.7	0.2
Limonene	1009	0.3	0.5	0.5	0.3	0.4	1.3	2.3	1.6	t
cis-β-Ocimene	1017				t	t	t	t	t	t
trans-β-Ocimene	1027	0.1			t	t	0.2	t		0.7
γ-Terpinene	1035	5.9	3.3	3.3	10.6	6.0	7.3	10.6	4.1	0.3
trans-Sabinene hydrate	1037	0.1	0.1		0.2	0.1	0.3	t	0.1
cis-Linalool oxide	1045						t			0.9
Fenchone	1050						0.3
trans-Linalool oxide	1059									0.8
p-Cymenene	1059						t
2,5-Dimethyl styrene	1059				t	t		0.6	t
Terpinolene	1064	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.4	0.4
cis-Sabinene hydrate	1066	0.1			t	t	t	t	t	0.2
Linalool	1074	1.1			0.5	t	1.6	t	0.1	65.5
Oct-1-en-3-yl acetate	1086		0.2			0.6			0.2
trans-p-2-Menthen-1-ol	1099				t	t	t	0.1	0.1
Camphor	1102				2.3		0.3			0.5
trans-Pinocarveol	1106				t		0.1
cis-p-2-Menthen-1-ol	1110					t		t
cis-Verbenol	1110				t	t	t	t
Pinocarvone	1121						t
Nerol oxide	1127				t
p-Mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol	1134							0.9
δ-Terpineol	1134						0.7			0.4
Borneol	1134	0.1	0.1	t	1.0	0.1	0.7	0.9	1.2	0.4
Terpinen-4-ol	1148	0.8	0.8	1.0	0.4	0.7	0.7	1.9	1.0	0.5
p-Cymen-8-ol	1148					t		0.3
Myrtenal	1153						t
cis-Dihydrocarvone	1159				t
α-Terpineol	1159	0.1	9.5	4.4	0.1	2.5	1.7	35.8	43.5	6.9
Methyl chavicol	1163						t
Myrtenol	1168						t
trans-Carveol	1189					0.1	t	t
Bornyl formate	1199		0.1			t	t	t	0.1
Nerol	1206				0.8
Citronellol	1207	0.1
Carvone	1210	0.1				t
Thymol methyl ether	1210				t
Neral	1210				0.2
Carvacrol methyl ether	1224		1.1	0.1	0.3	t		0.2	0.4
Geraniol	1236	t			32.8
Geranial	1240	0.1			0.3
trans-Anethole	1254						t
Thymol formate	1262	0.1					t
Bornyl acetate	1265			t	t	t	t	1.2	0.6
Thymol	1275	0.4	0.1	10.3	12.0	42.2	13.7	t	0.3
Carvacrol	1286	71.4	50.5	45.5	12.4	2.8	0.7	0.2	0.1
Thymyl acetate	1330			2.4	t	15.2
δ-Elemene	1332		0.5	0.5		0.4
α-Terpenyl acetate	1334						0.4
Carvacryl acetate	1348	0.1	5.9	12.3		0.7
Geranyl acetate	1370				4.3					0.2
α-Copaene	1375					t		t	0.1
β-Bourbonene	1379				0.3	t	t	0.2	0.2	0.6
β-Elemene	1388					0.1	t	0.1	0.3	t
α-Gurjunene	1400					t		t
β-Caryophyllene	1414	1.6	0.1	0.1	1.2	t	0.6	1.0	1.2	0.7
β-Copaene	1426				t	t		t	0.1
trans-α-Bergamotene	1434	t
cis-Muurola-3,5-diene	1445					0.1
α-Humulene	1447	0.1		t	t	t		0.1	0.1	0.1
allo-Aromadendrene	1456		0.5	0.4		0.4	t	0.3	0.6	t
γ-Muurolene	1469		0.1			t	0.1	t	0.1
Germacrene-D	1474			t	0.7	0.1		0.7	0.6	0.1
γ-Humulene	1477			t				t
Eremophilene	1480					0.1			0.1	0.2
Bicyclogermacrene	1487						0.1			0.7
Viridiflorene	1487						t			0.5
trans-Dihydroagarofuran	1489		2.7	0.7		0.8		0.4	0.5
α-Muurolene	1494		0.2	0.2		0.4		0.2	0.4
β-Bisabolene	1500	0.2			0.6
γ-Cadinene	1500		1.9	0.9		1.2	t	1.3	2.9
trans-Calamenene	1505		0.4	0.1		0.3		0.2	0.2
δ-Cadinene	1505		0.4	0.4		0.2	t	0.3	0.1
Kessane	1517		1.3	0.2		0.3		0.3	1.6
α-Calacorene	1525		t	t		t		t
α-Cadinene	1529		0.1	0.1		t		0.1	0.9
Elemol	1530		0.1	t		t	0.1	0.6	0.1	0.2
trans-α-Bisabolene	1536	0.2
Geranyl butyrate	1544				0.1		t
Spathulenol	1551		t	t		t	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.2
β-Caryophyllene oxide	1561	0.1	t	t		t	t	0.1		0.3
Globulol	1566			t		t		0.8
Geraniol 2-methyl butyrate	1586				t
10-epi-γ-Eudesmol	1593						t
epi-Cubenol	1600		1.6	0.5		0.6		0.4	0.6
γ-Eudesmol	1609		0.1	0.1		t		0.5	0.7	0.1
τ-Cadinol	1616		3.3	1.2		2.5	t	4.8	6.7	0.8
α-Muurolol	1618		0.1	0.1		t		0.3	0.6
β-Eudesmol	1620		0.1	0.1		t	t	0.3	0.6	0.1
Intermedeol	1626						t			3.4
α-Eudesmol	1634		0.4	0.4		1.3		1.3	2.4
α-Bisabolol	1656					t
Rosadiene	1993	0.1
Abietatriene	2027	t
% identification		99.9	96.1	99.0	99.8	98.7	99.1	97.7	94.6	98.7
Grouped components
Monoterpene hydrocarbons		22.6	13.8	17.0	24.5	24.9	29.4	39.5	23.9	7.5
Oxygen-containing monoterpenes		74.6	68.2	76.0	69.2	64.4	68.7	41.6	47.6	82.8
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons		2.1	4.2	2.7	2.8	3.3	0.8	4.5	7.9	2.9
Oxygen-containing sesquiterpenes		0.1	9.7	3.3		5.5	0.2	9.9	14.1	5.1
Diterpenes		0.1
Phenylpropanoids							t
Others		0.4	0.2	t	3.3	0.6	t	2.2	1.1	0.4

All components were identified based on a lab-made library created with reference essential oils, laboratory-synthesized components, laboratory isolated compounds, and commercial available standards. RI: in-lab obtained retention index relative to C₉–C₂₁  n-alkanes on the DB-1 column; t: traces (<0.05%). Tentative identification based only on mass spectra.