Research Article

Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Healers and Indigenous People in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh, for the Treatment of Snakebite

Table 2

Scientific names and other relevant information.

S/L numberScientific nameBangla/Bengali nameEnglish nameFamilyHabitHabitatNaturePlants parts usedPreparationSolvent/ adjuvantMode of applicationFCVoucher specimen

1Abelmoschus moschatus Medic.LatakasturiMusk mallowMalvaceaeHf, RsWFr, L, SJ, PaM/sugar, WO, THf, Rs0.25MFK 240 (DACB)

2Abroma augusta Linn. f.UlatkambalDevil’s cottonSterculiaceaeShHf WL, R, StPaH, WT1.59 MFK 75 (DACB)

3Abrus precatorius L.Kunch, RatiIndian liquoriceFabaceaeClHf, Hs WSPAndrographis paniculata, lemon juiceO 0.12JRK 111
(DACB)

4Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd., Vachellia farnesiana (L.) W. and A. Belati babul, GokulNeedle bushMimosaceaeTGCuRPaT 0.13 JRK 127
(DACB)

5Acalypha indica L.Mukta jhuriIndian nettleEuphorbiaceaeHRs, WpCu, WWpPaT 0.21MSBS 143 (DACB)

6Achyranthes aspera L.ApangPrickly chaff flowerAmaranthaceaeSh/WhRs, WpWL, S, WpPO, T 2.37JRK 172
(DACB)

7Acorus calamus L.Bach, safed bach, shet bachSweet flagAraceaeHMpCuRhPaW O 0.15JRK 97 (DACB)

8Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr. Bel, bela, bilboBael fruit, Bengal quinceRutaceaeTHs CuWpPaRice beerO, T 2.41JRK 37 (DACB)

9Ageratum conyzoides L.SahadeviFloss flower, goat weed, white weedAsteraceaeHWpWLPaT 0.14JRK 43 (DACB)

10Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.Siris, SirishaSiris treeMimosaceaeTFCuFlPaT 0.18MFK 209 (DACB)

11Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.KoraiGolden trumpetMimosaceaeTHf, HsCu, WRPaT 0.22JRK 17 (DACB)

12Allium cepa L.Palandu, PiyajOnionLiliaceaeHGCuBuJMustard oil O 3.87JRK 35 (DACB)

13Alstonia scholaris R. Br.ChatimDevil’s Tree, Dita Bark TreeApocynaceaeTHfWB, Fl, G, L, RD, JM, WO 2.32MFK 110 (DACB)

14Amaranthus spinosus L.Kanta noteAmaranthusAmaranthaceaeHHf, Rs, VtWL, R, Wp I, PaWT 0.30MSBS 43 (DACB)

15Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall ex Nees., Justicia paniculata Burm. f.Kalmegh, Maha-titaCreyat rootAcanthaceaeHVtWL, RPa H, WO 0.29JRK 57 (DACB)

16Annona squamosa L.Ata, SharifaCustard apple of India, sweet or sugar apple of the W. Indies and AmericaAnnonaceaeTF CuFrJWT 0.34MFK 12 (DACB)

17Argemone mexicana L.Baro shial kanta, shial kantaMexican or prickly poppyPapaveraceaeShHfWL, SPaT 0.24MFK 176 (DACB)

18Aristolochia indica L.IsharmulIndian birthwortAristolochiaceaeWhF, HfWL, RPaHO 3.53MSBS 61 (DACB)

19Asparagus racemosus Willd.SatamuliChinese gooseberryLiliaceaeClHf, Hs Cu, WLPaT2.50MSBS 79 (DACB)

20Bacopa monnieri (L.) PennellBrahmi sak, adha birni, Dhop chamniThyme-leaved gratiola ScrophulariaceaeCrF, HfWLPM/black teaO 0.04MFK 144 (DACB)

21Baliospermum montanum L.Danti moolWild crotonEuphorbiaceaeScHfWLPaT 0.06JRK 10 (DACB)

22Bauhinia variegata L.Rokto kanchan, sweet kanchanCamel’s foot tree, mountain tree, orchid treeFabaceaeTRsCuB, StPaT 0.11JRK 28 (DACB)

23Begonia barbata C.B. ClarkeBini gachBignoniaceaeHMpWL, StPaT 0.17JRK 68 (DACB)

24Bixa orellana L.UtkanaMonkey turmericBixaceaeTHs CuFr, L, R, SDWO 1.85JRK 91 (DACB)

25Bombax ceiba L., B. malabaricum DC., Salmalia malabarica Schott. & Endl.Simul, Shimul, Rokto simulRed cotton tree, silk cotton treeBombacaceaeTHfCuFr, S PaH/black peppers seed, camphorO 0.31MSBS 45 (DACB)

26Buchanania lanzan Spreng., B. latifolia Roxb.Piyal, ChikkiChironji treeAnacardiaceaeClFWBPaT0.10MFK 14 (DACB)

27Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub., B. frondosa Koen ex Roxb.PalasButea gum tree, flame of the forest, parrot tree, Bastard teak, Bengal kinoFabaceaeTRsCuStbPaZO 0.18MFK 65 (DACB)

28Byttneria pilosa Roxb.HarjoraSterculiaceaeScHfWL, StPaT 0.11MSBS 92 (DACB)

29Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth.ArharPigeon peaFabaceaeSHs CuSPaLeaf juice of Senna tora T 1.81MSBS 113 (DACB)

30Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f.Choto akanda, sweet akandaSwallow wortAsclepiadaceaeShRs, WpWFl, La, R J, PBlack pepperO, T 0.47JRK 56 (DACB)

31Calotropis gigantea (L.) Ait. f.Baro akanda, Gurtakand, sweet akandGiant milk weed, swallow wort AsclepiadaceaeShRs, WpWRPaMO 0.55MFK 169 (DACB)

32Calycopteris floribunda Lamk. Guichha LataCalycopteris CombretaceaeScHfWRJWT 1.55MFK 173 (DACB)

33Capparis zeylanica L., C. horrida L. f.Asahia, Baganai, KalokeraCapparaceaeShVtWFr, SPWO 0.20JRK 44 (DACB)

34Capsicum annuum L.MarichRed pepperSolanaceaeHG, HsCuFrPaT 0.23MFK 170 (DACB)

35Cassia fistula L.Bandar lathi, Gurmata, sonaliGolden shower, Indian laburnum, purging cassiaCaesalpiniaceaeTRsCuFrPT 1.63MFK 149 (DACB)

36Cassia occidentalis L.Bara kalkesundeCoffee sennaCaesalpiniaceaeHVt, WpWRPaGO 0.39JRK 79 (DACB)

37Cassia sophera L.KalkeshandePeriwinkleCaesalpiniaceaeHHf, HsWRPaBlack pepperO 0.15JRK 11
(DACB)

38Cassia tora L.Chakunda, PanevarFoetid cassiaCaesalpiniaceaeHRs, WpWL, R, SPO 0.10JRK 19 (DACB)

39Catharanthus roseus G. DonNoyntaraMadagascar periwinkleApocynaceaeHHfWLPaWT 2.28MFK 53 (DACB)

40Chenopodium album L.Betu sak, Betua sakFat-hen, goose foot, lamb’s quartersChenopodiaceaeHGCuFr, RPaT 0.61MSBS 51 (DACB)

41Cissampelos pareira L.Akanadi, Eklija, Nemuka False pareira bravaMenispermaceaeClHfW RD, PaPepperO 0.28MSBS 57 (DACB)

42Cissus adnata Roxb.Bhatia lotaEndeavour river vineVitaceaeWcHfWLPaT 0.37MSBS 37 (DACB)

43Cissus javana DC.Kongngouyen labaClimbing begoniaVitaceaeChHfWL, StPaLwT 0.12MSBS 64 (DACB)

44Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.BhantClerodendrum VerbenaceaeShHf, Rs, Vt, WpW Fl, LPaWT 0.23MFK 207 (DACB)

45Clitoria ternatea L.AparajitaBaby watermelon, ivy gourdFabaceaeClHs CuRPMO 0.31MSBS 114 (DACB)

46Costus speciosus (J. Koenig) Sm.KneuCostusCostaceaeHHf, RsWBu, L, SI, J, PaWO, T 3.01MSBS 62 (DACB)

47Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.TalmuliBlack musaleHypoxidaceaeHF, HfWBu, LD, IM, WO 0.35MSBS 94 (DACB)

48Cycas pectinata Griff. CycadaceaeTFWFlPaT 0.49JRK 18 (DACB)

49Cynodon dactylon Pers.Durba, DublaBahama grass, Bermuda, Dhub grassPoaceaeGrG, Vt, WpWWpPaT 0.12MFK 201 (DACB)

50Cyperus rotundus L.Bada, MuthaNut grassCyperaceaeGrGWBuPButterT 0.17JRK 25 (DACB)

51Datura metel L., D. fastuosa L., D. alba Nees Dhutura
Thorn appleSolanaceaeShRs, WpWL, SPaT 0.81JRK 64 (DACB)

52Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.ShalparniSalpaniFabaceae HF, Hf, RsWWpDM, WO 2.24MFK 212 (DACB)

53Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC.TripatriFabaceae UsMpWShJO 0.72JRK 12 (DACB)

54Eclipta prostrata L., E. alba (L.) HasskKalokesh, Keshori, Keshrangan, Kesuti, KeysuriaFalse daisyAsteraceaeHF, HfCuLPaT 0.75MFK 150 (DACB)

55Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Phyllanthus emblica L.Amla, Amalaki, Amluki Emblic myrobalan, Indian gooseberryEuphorbiaceaeTF, Hs CuStIO 2.84MFK 51 (DACB)

56Entada rheedii Spreng.Gila lataMimosaceaeWc F, HfWLPaT 0.06JRK 29 (DACB)

57Erythrina variegata L., E. indica Lam.Mandar, Palita mandar Coral treeFabaceaeTHsCuFl, RbPaO, T 1.42JRK 13 (DACB)

58Euphorbia hirta L.Bara kerui, Baro keruee, dudhiaEuphorbiaceaeHVt, Wp WR, WpJWO 0.37JRK 22 (DACB)

59Ficus racemosa L.Jagya dumur, Yajna dumurMoraceaeTVtWB, SD, PaO, T 0.38JRK 50 (DACB)

60Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr.BenchiFlacourtiaceaeShF, HfWLPaT 0.26MSBS 207 (DACB)

61Gmelina arborea L.GamarIndian sarsaparillaVerbenaceaeTHf, Hs WRPaHO 1.37MSBS 73 (DACB)

62Hedyotis scandens Roxb. BijomaRubiaceaeScMpWL, StPaT 0.14MFK 224 (DACB)

63Helicteres isora L.AtmoraEast Indian screw treeSterculiaceaeShF, Vt WRDO 0.19MSBS 233 (DACB)

64Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br.Anantamul Country sarsaparilla, Indian sarsaparillaApocynaceaeClHs, Rs, VtWR Pa O 2.75MFK 218 (DACB)

65Holarrhena antidysenterica (Heyne ex Roth.) ConessiKurchi, indrajabApocynaceaeTF, HfWB, RPaWO, T 0.38JRK 14 (DACB)

66Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall.KurchiApocynaceaeTHf WSPaT 0.51MFK 217 (DACB)

67Homalomena aromatica (Roxb. ex Sims) Schott.GandhabiAraceaeHHfWRhPaT 0.40JRK 55 (DACB)

68Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.Bilati tulsi, TokmadanaPignutLamiaceaeHHf, MpWLJT 1.50JRK 16 (DACB)

69Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) Br.DudhilataApocynaceaeClHf, Hs WRPaO 2.19MFK 55 (DACB)

70Ixora cuneifolia Roxb.Kha mucheyRubiaceaeShFWBPaT 0.03JRK 20 (DACB)

71Jatropha gossypifolia L.Lal verendaBellyache nettle spurgeEuphorbiaceaeSh F, RsWL, SDWO 0.27MFK 46 (DACB)

72Justicia gendarussa Burm.JagatmadanIndian lilacAcanthaceaeShHf, Hs WLPaO 2.15MFK 247 (DACB)

73Lantana camara L.Kutus kantaVerbenaceaeShHf WFl, R, StDO1.46MSBS 170 (DACB)

74Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link.Danda kalasLitchiLamiaceaeHHf, Hs WLJ, PaBlack pepper, garlicIn 2.67MFK 33 (DACB)

75Mangifera indica L.AamMangoAnacardiaceaeTG, HsCuLPaT 1.76MSBS 181 (DACB)

76Melastoma malabathricum L.Bomang rajaIndian rhododendronMelastomataceaeShFWLJT 0.30MFK 232 (DACB)

77Melochia corchorifolia L.Bonpat, TikiokraChocolate weedSterculiaceaeTF, VtCuLPaT 0.18MSBS 169 (DACB)

78Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) Roxb.AshamlataClimbing hempAsteraceae ScHf, Rs, WpWLPaT 0.31MFK 199 (DACB)

79Mimosa pudica L.Lajak, Lajjabati, Lajwati Sensitive plantMimosaceaeWhHs, Rs, VtWL, RPaT 2.11MFK 94 (DACB)

80Mirabilis jalapa L.KrishnakaliMarvel of PeruNyctaginaceaeHG, MpCuLJWO, T 0.16MSBS 142 (DACB)

81Morinda angustifolia Roxb. Rang gachRubiaceaeShFWLJO0.09JRK 15 (DACB)

82Morinda persicifolia Ham.Rang gachRubiaceaeShFWLPaT 2.06MFK 10 (DACB)

83Moringa oleifera Lamk.SajnaMoringaceaeTHs CuRPaT 2.45MFK 16 (DACB)

84Mucuna pruriens BakerAlkushiCurry leaf treeFabaceaeClHf, Hs WSPaT 1.29JRK 60 (DACB)

85Mussaenda roxburghii Hook. f.RanirtakRubiaceaeShF, MpWLPaT 0.27JRK 41 (DACB)

86Ocimum basilicum L.Babul tulsi, Kali tulsi, PashanbeddieCommon basil, sweet basil Lamiaceae HF, RsWWpPaT 0.96MSBS 98 (DACB)

87Oroxylum indicum Vent.Nasona, Sona, SonpattiBroken bones, Indian trumpet flower, midnight horror BignoniaceaeTF, Hf, VtWBPaT 2.02MFK 175 (DACB)

88Oxalis corniculata L.Amrul shak, Chuka tripatiIndian sorrel, yellow oxalisOxalidaceaeHMpW LPaT 0.86MSBS 32 (DACB)

89Peliosanthes teta Andr.Fuji ghashLiliaceae HFWRtPaT 0.36MSBS 53 (DACB)

90Peperomia pellucida (L.) HBKLuchi pataPeperomia, shiny bush PiperaceaeHVtWShJO 0.15JRK 21 (DACB)

91Piper nigrum L.Golmorich, Kala morichBlack pepperPiperaceaeClGCuRPaT 0.57MFK 181 (DACB)

92Plumbago zeylanica L.Chita, Chitrak, Sada chita, Sufaid Ceylon leadwort, white flowered leadwortPlumbaginaceaeH/Us F, GCu, WRPaT 0.28JRK 155 (DACB)

93Polygonum chinense L.Chinese knotweedPolygonaceaeHRs, VtWLPaT 0.15JRK 2133 (DACB)

94Pouzolzia indica Gaud.BormajalUrticaceaeHMpWLPaT 0.16MFK 69 (DACB)

95Premna esculenta Roxb. Lelom pataVerbenaceaeSFWLPaT 0.06MFK 77 (DACB)

96Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex KurzSarpagandhaSnakerootApocynaceaeHHf, Hs Cu, WL, R, RhD, PaMO, T 3.98MFK 66 (DACB)

97Senna hirsuta (L.) Irwin & BarnebyKanduakFoetid sennaCaesalpiniaceaeHF, MpWLPaT 0.73MSBS 17 (DACB)

98Senna tora (L.) Roxb.Chakunda, KalkashamMetal seed, sickle sennaCaesalpiniaceaeHRs, WpWLPaT0.14MSBS 144 (DACB)

99Sida acuta Burm.KuretaCountry mallowMalvaceaeWhHf, Hs WLPaT 1.98MFK 61 (DACB)

100Sida cordifolia L.Bala, BarelaCountry mallowMalvaceaeHFWLJO 0.10MSBS 191 (DACB)

101Sida rhombifolia L.Kureta, Lal berelaCuba jute, Queensland hempMalvaceaeHHf, Wp WL, StJ, PaO, T 0.25JRK 170 (DACB)

102Solanum torvum Swartz.Gota, TitbegunSolanaceaeShHf, Hs WRJMustard oil, ammonium chloride O, T 0.31JRK 112 (DACB)

103Streblus asper Lour.SheowraSiamese rough bushMoraceaeTHfWRJ, PT 0.21MFK 117 (DACB)

104Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels., Eugenia jambolana Lamk. Jam, KalojamBlack plum, Indian black berryMyrtaceaeTG, HsCu,BPaT 1.93MFK 130 (DACB)

105Tamarindus indica L.Tetai, Tetul, TintilTamarind treeCaesalpiniaceaeTG, HsCuWpPHO 1.68JRK 57 (DACB)

106Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.Ban nilFish poison, wild indigoFabaceaeShRsCu, WRPaT 0.07JRK 30 (DACB)

107Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wt. & Arn.Arjun, Arjuna, Kahu CombretaceaeTFCuStbP, PaH, M/black pepperO 1.89MSBS 76 (DACB)

108Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) MiersGulancha, GurachHeart leaved moon seedMenispermaceaeClF, RsWStJO 0.22MSBS 18 (DACB)

109Trewia nudiflora L.Bhatam, Betul, PitaliFalse white teakEuphorbiaceaeTF, MpWLPaT 0.18MFK 114 (DACB)

110Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour.MakalCucurbitaceaeChFWRJO 0.09MFK 162 (DACB)

111Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merrill.AbtomulAsclepiadaceaeHF, Vt WLPaUrineIn 0.21JRK 100 (DACB)

112Urena lobata L.Ban okraMalvaceaeHFWRDO 0.14MSBS 06 (DACB)

113Vitex negundo L. Nirgundi, Nishinda, SundubarIndian privetVerbenaceaeSh/TF, HfWL, R, RhPaT 2.58MFK 100 (DACB)

114Vitis lanata Roxb. VitaceaeScF, HfCu, WLPaT 0.06MSBS 50 (DACB)

115Willughbeia edulis Roxb.ApocynaceaeClFWStPaT 0.08JRK 75 (DACB)

116Withania somnifera DunalAshwagandhaSpanish bayonet, Spanish daggerSolanaceaeHHs CuRPaT 1.25JRK 140 (DACB)

THP = traditional health practitioners; habit: Sc = shrubby climber, Wh = woody herb, C = climber, Cr = creeper, Sh = shrub, H = herb, and T = tree; habitat: Hf = hill forest, Hs = homestead, Wp = waste place, Rs = roadside, Vt = village thicket, G = garden, F = forest, and Mp = marshy place; nature: Cu = cultivated, W = wild; plants parts used: B = bark; Bu = bulb, L = leaves, Fr = fruit, Fl = flower, Gp = ground plant, Pe = petioles, R = root, Rh = rhizome, S = seeds, S = shoots, St = stem, Stb = stem bark, Tr = tuberous root, Sy = styles, and Wp = whole plant; preparation: D = decoction, J = juice, I = infusion, C = cook, R = raw, P = powder, and Pa = paste; solvent/adjuvant used: M = milk, H = honey, W = water, and Wi = wine; mode of application: O = oral, T = topical, and V = vaginal; relative abundance: C = common, Lc = least common, and R = rare; conservation status: LC = least common, VU = vulnerable, NT = near threat, UV = use value, and FC = frequency of citation. CITES = endangered commercial plant species; WHO = World Health Organization; FL = fidelity level; Fic = informant consensus factor; RI = relative importance value; FL = fidelity level; ICD = International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.