Bioactivities Part used Type of extracts Dosage/Results Suggested constituents with respective activities
References Antimicrobial (i) Whole plant (i) Essential oiln- Hexane (i) Well diffusion assay: 100–400 µ g/well tested against variety of Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi (i) LinaloolO- Methylmoschatoline [26 ] (ii) Disc diffusion assay: 200–400 μ g/disc tested against variety of Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi [28 ] (iii) 0.23 mg/mL (MIC90% ) against S. aureus [32 ] (iv) 12.5 ± 3.9 µ g/mL (IC50 ) against P. falciparum FcB1 strain [33 ] Antibiofilm Flower Essential oil (i) 0.01% (v/v) showed 80% inhibition against biofilm for S. aureus ATCC 6538 (i) cis -Nerolidoltrans -Nerolidol [5 ] (ii) Inhibit adherence phase of both clinical strains of S. aureus and K. pneumonia (2 logs reduction) Antioxidant (i) Bark (i) Ethyl acetate (i) 79% DPPH inhibition tested at 50 ppm (i) n/a [26 ] (ii) 290.0 ± 13.1% of ferric reducing power at 0.5 µ g/mL (ii) n/a [34 ] (iii) 63.8 ± 0.45% of DPPH inhibition (iii) n/a [30 ] (iv) 75.5 ± 0.51% inhibition in the β -carotene bleaching test InsecticidalA. aegypti C. quinquefasciatus An. Dirus (mosquitoes) Flower Essential oil (i) Tested 1%, 5%, and 10% (w/v) on A. aegypti , C. quinquefasciatus, and An. Dirus , LC50 values of 9.77%, 8.82%, and 4.99%, respectively (i) n/a [35 ] (ii) 10% in soybean oil exhibited oviposition-deterrent and ovicidal activities (ii) n/a [36 ] (iii) 0.1 mg/mL showed larvicidal activity against A. aegypti (iii) n/a [37 ] (iv) LD50 at 52.96 ppm against immature stage of A. aegypti (iv) n/a [38 ] (iv) Musa domestica (housefly) (v) Prepared in ethyl alcohol, LT50 of 52.08 hours, and LC50 of 29.36% towards Musa domestica (v) n/a [39 ] (v) R. speratus (termite) (vi) 2 mg/filter showed 18.0 ± 5.8% and 94.0 ± 4.0% mortalities after 2 and 7 days of exposure (vi) n/a [40 ] (vi) S. zeamais (agriculture pest) (vii) LD50 value of 33.14 μ g/adult (vii) Linalool [41 ] (viii) LD50 value of 14.77 mg/L (vapour phase toxicity bioassay) Insect repellentA. aegypti C. quinquefasciatus An. dirus (mosquitoes) T. castaneum (beetle) (i) Flower Essential oil (i) Prepared in soybean oil, ED50 of 0.045, 2.149, and <0.003 mg/cm2 against A. aegypti, A. dirus, and C. quinquefasciatus, respectively (i) Linalool [42 ] (ii) Protection time towards A. aegypti , A. dirus, and C. quinquefasciatus (8.4, 24.0, and 60.0 minutes, resp.) (iii) Prepared in ethyl alcohol, protection time against A. aegypti, and C. quinquefasciatus (86.67 ± 10.40 and 126.0 ± 15.77 minutes) at 0.33 µ L/cm2 (ii) n/a [43 ] (iv) Strongest repellent effect at 5 μ L/g of oats (iii) n/a [3 ] (v) 98% repellency after 2 and 4 hours exposure Antimelanogenesis (i) Flower bud Methanolic (i) Inhibition on melanin production in B16 melanoma 4A5 cells (i) Canangaterpenes I [8 ] (ii) Terpenoid derivatives, canangaterpenes I (IC50 = 3.6 µ M), and (3R,3aR,8aS)-3-isopropyl-8a-methyl-8-oxo-1,2,3,3a,6,7,8,8a-octahydroazulene-5-carbaldehyde (IC50 = 2.5 µ M) (ii) Seed (iii) Inhibition on tyrosinase protein expression in mouse B16 melanoma cells (iii) N-trans -Feruloyltyramine [18 ] Anti-inflammatory (i) n/a (i) Essential oil (i) Strong lipoxygenase inhibitory effect (~80%) at 0.5 μ g/mL (i) Linalool [6 ] (ii) Inhibition on nitric oxide release in RAW264.7 (97.9 ± 14.6%) at 50 µ g/mL (ii) Linalyl acetate [34 ] (iii) In carrageenan induced paw edema model, paw volume inhibition of 62.9% at 100 mg/kg (iii) n/a [44 ] Sedative, relaxing, and harmonizing effect n/a Essential oil (i) Reduced systolic and diastolic BP through sniffing (i) n/a [45 ] (ii) Decreased pulse rate and stress level (iii) Increased alertness (iv) Transdermal administration resulted decrease in both physiological and behavioural level (ii) n/a [46 ] Effect on mood and cognitive performance n/a Essential oil Reduced alertness mood and calmness but without increased cognitive performance n/a [47 ] Spermatotoxic Root bark Ethanolic (i) Immobilized rat’s sperm within seconds (i) A 52 kd protein [48 ] (ii) 50 mg/100 g body weight/day reduced sperm motility (ii) n/a [49 ] (iii) 100 mg/100 g body weight/day caused 94% abnormal sperm morphology Antihyperglycemic (i) Leaf and stem (i) Dichloromethane (i) Alpha-amylase inhibitory effect with 22.6 ± 1.3% (leaf) and 25.3 ± 3.3% (stem) inhibition at 7.8 μ g/mL (i) n/a [7 ] (ii) Aldose reductase inhibitory effect, IC50 at 1.2, 1.5, and 0.8 μ M by canangaterpene I, (E )-[(1R,3R,5S,6S,8S)-6-hydroxy-1,3-dimethoxy-2-oxaspiro[ (ii) Canangaterpene IE )-[(1R,3R,5S,6S,8S)-6-Hydroxy-1,3-dimethoxy-2-oxaspiro[ [23 ]
