Anticancer and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of a Standardized Dichloromethane Extract from Piper umbellatum L. Leaves

Table 3

Inhibitory effect of P. umbellatum SDE versus time after inflammatory stimulus on carrageenan-induced paw edema.

Treatments (mg/kg)	Time (hours) and % of inhibition
	1.5	3	4.5	6	24	48	72	96
Vehicle	0.15 ± 0.03	0.25 ± 0.03	0.19 ± 0.03	0.05 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.001	0.15 ± 0.01	0.16 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.02
Indomethacin 10	0.11 ± 0.03; (28.7%)	0.10 ± 0.01; (60.6%)^***	0.09 ± 0.02; (54.6%)^**	0.10 ± 0.02; —	0.02 ± 0.001; (51.2%)	0.08 ± 0.02; (45.3%)	0.13 ± 0.03; (17.7%)	0.10 ± 0.03; (4.9%)
SDE 100	0.10 ± 0.02; (35.6%)	0.08 ± 0.02; (69.5%)^***	0.05 ± 0.02; (74.5%)^***	0.03 ± 0.01; (45.6%)	0.01 ± 0.01; (75.3%)	0.11 ± 0.03; (27.9%)	0.11 ± 0.03; (29.8%)	0.07 ± 0.03; (29.9%)
SDE 200	0.03 ± 0.01; (79.7%)^***	0.04 ± 0.01; (83.1%)^***	0.04 ± 0.01; (77.0%)^***	0.07 ± 0.02; —	0.021 ± 0.01; (44.2%)	0.06 ± 0.02; (59.5%)^*	0.08 ± 0.02; (47.5%)	0.065 ± 0.02; (37.3%)
SDE 400	0.02 ± 0.01; (82.4%)^***	0.06 ± 0.01; (76.9%)^***	0.058 ± 0.01; (67.8%)^***	0.04 ± 0.01; (20.9%)	0.020 ± 0.01; (47.7%)	0.05 ± 0.02; (69.9%)^*	0.05 ± 0.02; (70.9%)	0.03 ± 0.01; (69.8%)

Paw edema was measured with a caliper; results were expressed as paw edema in mm³ (mean ± SEM); treatments: P. umbellatum SDE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), vehicle (PBS, pH 7.0 + Tween 80 0.3%), or indomethacin (10 mg/kg) one hour before intraplantar carrageenan 2.5% injection, = 8 animals/group. ANOVA, Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison Test; ^*, ^**, and ^*** in comparison to negative control group (vehicle).